cpp-peglib/peglib.h

//
//  peglib.h
//
//  Copyright (c) 2022 Yuji Hirose. All rights reserved.
//  MIT License
//

#pragma once

/*
 * Configuration
 */

#ifndef CPPPEGLIB_HEURISTIC_ERROR_TOKEN_MAX_CHAR_COUNT
#define CPPPEGLIB_HEURISTIC_ERROR_TOKEN_MAX_CHAR_COUNT 32
#endif

#include <algorithm>
#include <any>
#include <cassert>
#include <cctype>
#if __has_include(<charconv>)
#include <charconv>
#endif
#include <cstring>
#include <functional>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <mutex>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <vector>

#if !defined(__cplusplus) || __cplusplus < 201703L
#error "Requires complete C++17 support"
#endif

namespace peg {

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *  scope_exit
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

// This is based on
// "http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2014/n4189".

template <typename EF> struct scope_exit {
  explicit scope_exit(EF &&f)
      : exit_function(std::move(f)), execute_on_destruction{true} {}

  scope_exit(scope_exit &&rhs)
      : exit_function(std::move(rhs.exit_function)),
        execute_on_destruction{rhs.execute_on_destruction} {
    rhs.release();
  }

  ~scope_exit() {
    if (execute_on_destruction) { this->exit_function(); }
  }

  void release() { this->execute_on_destruction = false; }

private:
  scope_exit(const scope_exit &) = delete;
  void operator=(const scope_exit &) = delete;
  scope_exit &operator=(scope_exit &&) = delete;

  EF exit_function;
  bool execute_on_destruction;
};

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *  UTF8 functions
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

inline size_t codepoint_length(const char *s8, size_t l) {
  if (l) {
    auto b = static_cast<uint8_t>(s8[0]);
    if ((b & 0x80) == 0) {
      return 1;
    } else if ((b & 0xE0) == 0xC0 && l >= 2) {
      return 2;
    } else if ((b & 0xF0) == 0xE0 && l >= 3) {
      return 3;
    } else if ((b & 0xF8) == 0xF0 && l >= 4) {
      return 4;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

inline size_t codepoint_count(const char *s8, size_t l) {
  size_t count = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < l; i += codepoint_length(s8 + i, l - i)) {
    count++;
  }
  return count;
}

inline size_t encode_codepoint(char32_t cp, char *buff) {
  if (cp < 0x0080) {
    buff[0] = static_cast<char>(cp & 0x7F);
    return 1;
  } else if (cp < 0x0800) {
    buff[0] = static_cast<char>(0xC0 | ((cp >> 6) & 0x1F));
    buff[1] = static_cast<char>(0x80 | (cp & 0x3F));
    return 2;
  } else if (cp < 0xD800) {
    buff[0] = static_cast<char>(0xE0 | ((cp >> 12) & 0xF));
    buff[1] = static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((cp >> 6) & 0x3F));
    buff[2] = static_cast<char>(0x80 | (cp & 0x3F));
    return 3;
  } else if (cp < 0xE000) {
    // D800 - DFFF is invalid...
    return 0;
  } else if (cp < 0x10000) {
    buff[0] = static_cast<char>(0xE0 | ((cp >> 12) & 0xF));
    buff[1] = static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((cp >> 6) & 0x3F));
    buff[2] = static_cast<char>(0x80 | (cp & 0x3F));
    return 3;
  } else if (cp < 0x110000) {
    buff[0] = static_cast<char>(0xF0 | ((cp >> 18) & 0x7));
    buff[1] = static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((cp >> 12) & 0x3F));
    buff[2] = static_cast<char>(0x80 | ((cp >> 6) & 0x3F));
    buff[3] = static_cast<char>(0x80 | (cp & 0x3F));
    return 4;
  }
  return 0;
}

inline std::string encode_codepoint(char32_t cp) {
  char buff[4];
  auto l = encode_codepoint(cp, buff);
  return std::string(buff, l);
}

inline bool decode_codepoint(const char *s8, size_t l, size_t &bytes,
                             char32_t &cp) {
  if (l) {
    auto b = static_cast<uint8_t>(s8[0]);
    if ((b & 0x80) == 0) {
      bytes = 1;
      cp = b;
      return true;
    } else if ((b & 0xE0) == 0xC0) {
      if (l >= 2) {
        bytes = 2;
        cp = ((static_cast<char32_t>(s8[0] & 0x1F)) << 6) |
             (static_cast<char32_t>(s8[1] & 0x3F));
        return true;
      }
    } else if ((b & 0xF0) == 0xE0) {
      if (l >= 3) {
        bytes = 3;
        cp = ((static_cast<char32_t>(s8[0] & 0x0F)) << 12) |
             ((static_cast<char32_t>(s8[1] & 0x3F)) << 6) |
             (static_cast<char32_t>(s8[2] & 0x3F));
        return true;
      }
    } else if ((b & 0xF8) == 0xF0) {
      if (l >= 4) {
        bytes = 4;
        cp = ((static_cast<char32_t>(s8[0] & 0x07)) << 18) |
             ((static_cast<char32_t>(s8[1] & 0x3F)) << 12) |
             ((static_cast<char32_t>(s8[2] & 0x3F)) << 6) |
             (static_cast<char32_t>(s8[3] & 0x3F));
        return true;
      }
    }
  }
  return false;
}

inline size_t decode_codepoint(const char *s8, size_t l, char32_t &cp) {
  size_t bytes;
  if (decode_codepoint(s8, l, bytes, cp)) { return bytes; }
  return 0;
}

inline char32_t decode_codepoint(const char *s8, size_t l) {
  char32_t cp = 0;
  decode_codepoint(s8, l, cp);
  return cp;
}

inline std::u32string decode(const char *s8, size_t l) {
  std::u32string out;
  size_t i = 0;
  while (i < l) {
    auto beg = i++;
    while (i < l && (s8[i] & 0xc0) == 0x80) {
      i++;
    }
    out += decode_codepoint(&s8[beg], (i - beg));
  }
  return out;
}

template <typename T> const char *u8(const T *s) {
  return reinterpret_cast<const char *>(s);
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *  escape_characters
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

inline std::string escape_characters(const char *s, size_t n) {
  std::string str;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    auto c = s[i];
    switch (c) {
    case '\f': str += "\\f"; break;
    case '\n': str += "\\n"; break;
    case '\r': str += "\\r"; break;
    case '\t': str += "\\t"; break;
    case '\v': str += "\\v"; break;
    default: str += c; break;
    }
  }
  return str;
}

inline std::string escape_characters(std::string_view sv) {
  return escape_characters(sv.data(), sv.size());
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *  resolve_escape_sequence
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

inline bool is_hex(char c, int &v) {
  if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
    v = c - '0';
    return true;
  } else if ('a' <= c && c <= 'f') {
    v = c - 'a' + 10;
    return true;
  } else if ('A' <= c && c <= 'F') {
    v = c - 'A' + 10;
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

inline bool is_digit(char c, int &v) {
  if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
    v = c - '0';
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

inline std::pair<int, size_t> parse_hex_number(const char *s, size_t n,
                                               size_t i) {
  int ret = 0;
  int val;
  while (i < n && is_hex(s[i], val)) {
    ret = static_cast<int>(ret * 16 + val);
    i++;
  }
  return std::pair(ret, i);
}

inline std::pair<int, size_t> parse_octal_number(const char *s, size_t n,
                                                 size_t i) {
  int ret = 0;
  int val;
  while (i < n && is_digit(s[i], val)) {
    ret = static_cast<int>(ret * 8 + val);
    i++;
  }
  return std::pair(ret, i);
}

inline std::string resolve_escape_sequence(const char *s, size_t n) {
  std::string r;
  r.reserve(n);

  size_t i = 0;
  while (i < n) {
    auto ch = s[i];
    if (ch == '\\') {
      i++;
      if (i == n) { throw std::runtime_error("Invalid escape sequence..."); }
      switch (s[i]) {
      case 'f':
        r += '\f';
        i++;
        break;
      case 'n':
        r += '\n';
        i++;
        break;
      case 'r':
        r += '\r';
        i++;
        break;
      case 't':
        r += '\t';
        i++;
        break;
      case 'v':
        r += '\v';
        i++;
        break;
      case '\'':
        r += '\'';
        i++;
        break;
      case '"':
        r += '"';
        i++;
        break;
      case '[':
        r += '[';
        i++;
        break;
      case ']':
        r += ']';
        i++;
        break;
      case '\\':
        r += '\\';
        i++;
        break;
      case 'x':
      case 'u': {
        char32_t cp;
        std::tie(cp, i) = parse_hex_number(s, n, i + 1);
        r += encode_codepoint(cp);
        break;
      }
      default: {
        char32_t cp;
        std::tie(cp, i) = parse_octal_number(s, n, i);
        r += encode_codepoint(cp);
        break;
      }
      }
    } else {
      r += ch;
      i++;
    }
  }
  return r;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *  token_to_number_ - This function should be removed eventually
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

template <typename T> T token_to_number_(std::string_view sv) {
  T n = 0;
#if __has_include(<charconv>)
  if constexpr (!std::is_floating_point<T>::value) {
    std::from_chars(sv.data(), sv.data() + sv.size(), n);
#else
  if constexpr (false) {
#endif
  } else {
    auto s = std::string(sv);
    std::istringstream ss(s);
    ss >> n;
  }
  return n;
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *  Trie
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

class Trie {
public:
  Trie() = default;
  Trie(const Trie &) = default;

  Trie(const std::vector<std::string> &items) {
    for (const auto &item : items) {
      for (size_t len = 1; len <= item.size(); len++) {
        auto last = len == item.size();
        std::string_view sv(item.data(), len);
        auto it = dic_.find(sv);
        if (it == dic_.end()) {
          dic_.emplace(sv, Info{last, last});
        } else if (last) {
          it->second.match = true;
        } else {
          it->second.done = false;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  size_t match(const char *text, size_t text_len) const {
    size_t match_len = 0;
    auto done = false;
    size_t len = 1;
    while (!done && len <= text_len) {
      std::string_view sv(text, len);
      auto it = dic_.find(sv);
      if (it == dic_.end()) {
        done = true;
      } else {
        if (it->second.match) { match_len = len; }
        if (it->second.done) { done = true; }
      }
      len += 1;
    }
    return match_len;
  }

private:
  struct Info {
    bool done;
    bool match;
  };

  // TODO: Use unordered_map when heterogeneous lookup is supported in C++20
  // std::unordered_map<std::string, Info> dic_;
  std::map<std::string, Info, std::less<>> dic_;
};

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *  PEG
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * Line information utility function
 */
inline std::pair<size_t, size_t> line_info(const char *start, const char *cur) {
  auto p = start;
  auto col_ptr = p;
  auto no = 1;

  while (p < cur) {
    if (*p == '\n') {
      no++;
      col_ptr = p + 1;
    }
    p++;
  }

  auto col = codepoint_count(col_ptr, p - col_ptr) + 1;

  return std::pair(no, col);
}

/*
 * String tag
 */
inline constexpr unsigned int str2tag_core(const char *s, size_t l,
                                           unsigned int h) {
  return (l == 0) ? h
                  : str2tag_core(s + 1, l - 1,
                                 (h * 33) ^ static_cast<unsigned char>(*s));
}

inline constexpr unsigned int str2tag(std::string_view sv) {
  return str2tag_core(sv.data(), sv.size(), 0);
}

namespace udl {

inline constexpr unsigned int operator"" _(const char *s, size_t l) {
  return str2tag_core(s, l, 0);
}

} // namespace udl

/*
 * Semantic values
 */
class Context;

struct SemanticValues : protected std::vector<std::any> {
  SemanticValues() = default;
  SemanticValues(Context *c) : c_(c) {}

  // Input text
  const char *path = nullptr;
  const char *ss = nullptr;

  // Matched string
  std::string_view sv() const { return sv_; }

  // Definition name
  const std::string &name() const { return name_; }

  std::vector<unsigned int> tags;

  // Line number and column at which the matched string is
  std::pair<size_t, size_t> line_info() const;

  // Choice count
  size_t choice_count() const { return choice_count_; }

  // Choice number (0 based index)
  size_t choice() const { return choice_; }

  // Tokens
  std::vector<std::string_view> tokens;

  std::string_view token(size_t id = 0) const {
    if (tokens.empty()) { return sv_; }
    assert(id < tokens.size());
    return tokens[id];
  }

  // Token conversion
  std::string token_to_string(size_t id = 0) const {
    return std::string(token(id));
  }

  template <typename T> T token_to_number() const {
    return token_to_number_<T>(token());
  }

  // Transform the semantic value vector to another vector
  template <typename T>
  std::vector<T> transform(size_t beg = 0,
                           size_t end = static_cast<size_t>(-1)) const {
    std::vector<T> r;
    end = (std::min)(end, size());
    for (size_t i = beg; i < end; i++) {
      r.emplace_back(std::any_cast<T>((*this)[i]));
    }
    return r;
  }

  void append(SemanticValues &chvs) {
    sv_ = chvs.sv_;
    for (auto &v : chvs) {
      emplace_back(std::move(v));
    }
    for (auto &tag : chvs.tags) {
      tags.emplace_back(std::move(tag));
    }
    for (auto &tok : chvs.tokens) {
      tokens.emplace_back(std::move(tok));
    }
  }

  using std::vector<std::any>::iterator;
  using std::vector<std::any>::const_iterator;
  using std::vector<std::any>::size;
  using std::vector<std::any>::empty;
  using std::vector<std::any>::assign;
  using std::vector<std::any>::begin;
  using std::vector<std::any>::end;
  using std::vector<std::any>::rbegin;
  using std::vector<std::any>::rend;
  using std::vector<std::any>::operator[];
  using std::vector<std::any>::at;
  using std::vector<std::any>::resize;
  using std::vector<std::any>::front;
  using std::vector<std::any>::back;
  using std::vector<std::any>::push_back;
  using std::vector<std::any>::pop_back;
  using std::vector<std::any>::insert;
  using std::vector<std::any>::erase;
  using std::vector<std::any>::clear;
  using std::vector<std::any>::swap;
  using std::vector<std::any>::emplace;
  using std::vector<std::any>::emplace_back;

private:
  friend class Context;
  friend class Sequence;
  friend class PrioritizedChoice;
  friend class Repetition;
  friend class Holder;
  friend class PrecedenceClimbing;

  Context *c_ = nullptr;
  std::string_view sv_;
  size_t choice_count_ = 0;
  size_t choice_ = 0;
  std::string name_;
};

/*
 * Semantic action
 */
template <typename F, typename... Args> std::any call(F fn, Args &&...args) {
  using R = decltype(fn(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
  if constexpr (std::is_void<R>::value) {
    fn(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    return std::any();
  } else if constexpr (std::is_same<typename std::remove_cv<R>::type,
                                    std::any>::value) {
    return fn(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
  } else {
    return std::any(fn(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
  }
}

template <typename T>
struct argument_count : argument_count<decltype(&T::operator())> {};
template <typename R, typename... Args>
struct argument_count<R (*)(Args...)>
    : std::integral_constant<unsigned, sizeof...(Args)> {};
template <typename R, typename C, typename... Args>
struct argument_count<R (C::*)(Args...)>
    : std::integral_constant<unsigned, sizeof...(Args)> {};
template <typename R, typename C, typename... Args>
struct argument_count<R (C::*)(Args...) const>
    : std::integral_constant<unsigned, sizeof...(Args)> {};

class Action {
public:
  Action() = default;
  Action(Action &&rhs) = default;
  template <typename F> Action(F fn) : fn_(make_adaptor(fn)) {}
  template <typename F> void operator=(F fn) { fn_ = make_adaptor(fn); }
  Action &operator=(const Action &rhs) = default;

  operator bool() const { return bool(fn_); }

  std::any operator()(SemanticValues &vs, std::any &dt) const {
    return fn_(vs, dt);
  }

private:
  using Fty = std::function<std::any(SemanticValues &vs, std::any &dt)>;

  template <typename F> Fty make_adaptor(F fn) {
    if constexpr (argument_count<F>::value == 1) {
      return [fn](auto &vs, auto & /*dt*/) { return call(fn, vs); };
    } else {
      return [fn](auto &vs, auto &dt) { return call(fn, vs, dt); };
    }
  }

  Fty fn_;
};

/*
 * Parse result helper
 */
inline bool success(size_t len) { return len != static_cast<size_t>(-1); }

inline bool fail(size_t len) { return len == static_cast<size_t>(-1); }

/*
 * Log
 */
using Log = std::function<void(size_t line, size_t col, const std::string &msg,
                               const std::string &rule)>;

/*
 * ErrorInfo
 */
class Definition;

struct ErrorInfo {
  const char *error_pos = nullptr;
  std::vector<std::pair<const char *, const Definition *>> expected_tokens;
  const char *message_pos = nullptr;
  std::string message;
  std::string label;
  const char *last_output_pos = nullptr;
  bool keep_previous_token = false;

  void clear() {
    error_pos = nullptr;
    expected_tokens.clear();
    message_pos = nullptr;
    message.clear();
  }

  void add(const char *error_literal, const Definition *error_rule) {
    for (const auto &[t, r] : expected_tokens) {
      if (t == error_literal && r == error_rule) { return; }
    }
    expected_tokens.emplace_back(error_literal, error_rule);
  }

  void output_log(const Log &log, const char *s, size_t n);

private:
  int cast_char(char c) const { return static_cast<unsigned char>(c); }

  std::string heuristic_error_token(const char *s, size_t n,
                                    const char *pos) const {
    auto len = n - std::distance(s, pos);
    if (len) {
      size_t i = 0;
      auto c = cast_char(pos[i++]);
      if (!std::ispunct(c) && !std::isspace(c)) {
        while (i < len && !std::ispunct(cast_char(pos[i])) &&
               !std::isspace(cast_char(pos[i]))) {
          i++;
        }
      }

      size_t count = CPPPEGLIB_HEURISTIC_ERROR_TOKEN_MAX_CHAR_COUNT;
      size_t j = 0;
      while (count > 0 && j < i) {
        j += codepoint_length(&pos[j], i - j);
        count--;
      }

      return escape_characters(pos, j);
    }
    return std::string();
  }

  std::string replace_all(std::string str, const std::string &from,
                          const std::string &to) const {
    size_t pos = 0;
    while ((pos = str.find(from, pos)) != std::string::npos) {
      str.replace(pos, from.length(), to);
      pos += to.length();
    }
    return str;
  }
};

/*
 * Context
 */
class Ope;

using TracerEnter = std::function<void(
    const Ope &name, const char *s, size_t n, const SemanticValues &vs,
    const Context &c, const std::any &dt, std::any &trace_data)>;

using TracerLeave = std::function<void(
    const Ope &ope, const char *s, size_t n, const SemanticValues &vs,
    const Context &c, const std::any &dt, size_t, std::any &trace_data)>;

using TracerStartOrEnd = std::function<void(std::any &trace_data)>;

class Context {
public:
  const char *path;
  const char *s;
  const size_t l;

  ErrorInfo error_info;
  bool recovered = false;

  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<SemanticValues>> value_stack;
  size_t value_stack_size = 0;

  std::vector<Definition *> rule_stack;
  std::vector<std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>> args_stack;

  size_t in_token_boundary_count = 0;

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> whitespaceOpe;
  bool in_whitespace = false;

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> wordOpe;

  std::vector<std::map<std::string_view, std::string>> capture_scope_stack;
  size_t capture_scope_stack_size = 0;

  std::vector<bool> cut_stack;

  const size_t def_count;
  const bool enablePackratParsing;
  std::vector<bool> cache_registered;
  std::vector<bool> cache_success;

  std::map<std::pair<size_t, size_t>, std::tuple<size_t, std::any>>
      cache_values;

  TracerEnter tracer_enter;
  TracerLeave tracer_leave;
  std::any trace_data;
  const bool verbose_trace;

  Log log;

  Context(const char *path, const char *s, size_t l, size_t def_count,
          std::shared_ptr<Ope> whitespaceOpe, std::shared_ptr<Ope> wordOpe,
          bool enablePackratParsing, TracerEnter tracer_enter,
          TracerLeave tracer_leave, std::any trace_data, bool verbose_trace,
          Log log)
      : path(path), s(s), l(l), whitespaceOpe(whitespaceOpe), wordOpe(wordOpe),
        def_count(def_count), enablePackratParsing(enablePackratParsing),
        cache_registered(enablePackratParsing ? def_count * (l + 1) : 0),
        cache_success(enablePackratParsing ? def_count * (l + 1) : 0),
        tracer_enter(tracer_enter), tracer_leave(tracer_leave),
        trace_data(trace_data), verbose_trace(verbose_trace), log(log) {

    push_args({});
    push_capture_scope();
  }

  ~Context() {
    pop_capture_scope();

    assert(!value_stack_size);
    assert(!capture_scope_stack_size);
    assert(cut_stack.empty());
  }

  Context(const Context &) = delete;
  Context(Context &&) = delete;
  Context operator=(const Context &) = delete;

  template <typename T>
  void packrat(const char *a_s, size_t def_id, size_t &len, std::any &val,
               T fn) {
    if (!enablePackratParsing) {
      fn(val);
      return;
    }

    auto col = a_s - s;
    auto idx = def_count * static_cast<size_t>(col) + def_id;

    if (cache_registered[idx]) {
      if (cache_success[idx]) {
        auto key = std::pair(col, def_id);
        std::tie(len, val) = cache_values[key];
        return;
      } else {
        len = static_cast<size_t>(-1);
        return;
      }
    } else {
      fn(val);
      cache_registered[idx] = true;
      cache_success[idx] = success(len);
      if (success(len)) {
        auto key = std::pair(col, def_id);
        cache_values[key] = std::pair(len, val);
      }
      return;
    }
  }

  SemanticValues &push() {
    push_capture_scope();
    return push_semantic_values_scope();
  }

  void pop() {
    pop_capture_scope();
    pop_semantic_values_scope();
  }

  // Semantic values
  SemanticValues &push_semantic_values_scope() {
    assert(value_stack_size <= value_stack.size());
    if (value_stack_size == value_stack.size()) {
      value_stack.emplace_back(std::make_shared<SemanticValues>(this));
    } else {
      auto &vs = *value_stack[value_stack_size];
      if (!vs.empty()) {
        vs.clear();
        if (!vs.tags.empty()) { vs.tags.clear(); }
      }
      vs.sv_ = std::string_view();
      vs.choice_count_ = 0;
      vs.choice_ = 0;
      if (!vs.tokens.empty()) { vs.tokens.clear(); }
    }

    auto &vs = *value_stack[value_stack_size++];
    vs.path = path;
    vs.ss = s;
    return vs;
  }

  void pop_semantic_values_scope() { value_stack_size--; }

  // Arguments
  void push_args(std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> &&args) {
    args_stack.emplace_back(args);
  }

  void pop_args() { args_stack.pop_back(); }

  const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> &top_args() const {
    return args_stack[args_stack.size() - 1];
  }

  // Capture scope
  void push_capture_scope() {
    assert(capture_scope_stack_size <= capture_scope_stack.size());
    if (capture_scope_stack_size == capture_scope_stack.size()) {
      capture_scope_stack.emplace_back(
          std::map<std::string_view, std::string>());
    } else {
      auto &cs = capture_scope_stack[capture_scope_stack_size];
      if (!cs.empty()) { cs.clear(); }
    }
    capture_scope_stack_size++;
  }

  void pop_capture_scope() { capture_scope_stack_size--; }

  void shift_capture_values() {
    assert(capture_scope_stack_size >= 2);
    auto curr = &capture_scope_stack[capture_scope_stack_size - 1];
    auto prev = curr - 1;
    for (const auto &[k, v] : *curr) {
      (*prev)[k] = v;
    }
  }

  // Error
  void set_error_pos(const char *a_s, const char *literal = nullptr);

  // Trace
  void trace_enter(const Ope &ope, const char *a_s, size_t n,
                   const SemanticValues &vs, std::any &dt);
  void trace_leave(const Ope &ope, const char *a_s, size_t n,
                   const SemanticValues &vs, std::any &dt, size_t len);
  bool is_traceable(const Ope &ope) const;

  // Line info
  std::pair<size_t, size_t> line_info(const char *cur) const {
    std::call_once(source_line_index_init_, [this]() {
      for (size_t pos = 0; pos < l; pos++) {
        if (s[pos] == '\n') { source_line_index.push_back(pos); }
      }
      source_line_index.push_back(l);
    });

    auto pos = static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(s, cur));

    auto it = std::lower_bound(
        source_line_index.begin(), source_line_index.end(), pos,
        [](size_t element, size_t value) { return element < value; });

    auto id = static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(source_line_index.begin(), it));
    auto off = pos - (id == 0 ? 0 : source_line_index[id - 1] + 1);
    return std::pair(id + 1, off + 1);
  }

  size_t next_trace_id = 0;
  std::vector<size_t> trace_ids;
  bool ignore_trace_state = false;
  mutable std::once_flag source_line_index_init_;
  mutable std::vector<size_t> source_line_index;
};

/*
 * Parser operators
 */
class Ope {
public:
  struct Visitor;

  virtual ~Ope() = default;
  size_t parse(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
               std::any &dt) const;
  virtual size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs,
                            Context &c, std::any &dt) const = 0;
  virtual void accept(Visitor &v) = 0;
};

class Sequence : public Ope {
public:
  template <typename... Args>
  Sequence(const Args &...args)
      : opes_{static_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(args)...} {}
  Sequence(const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> &opes) : opes_(opes) {}
  Sequence(std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> &&opes) : opes_(opes) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override {
    auto &chvs = c.push_semantic_values_scope();
    auto se = scope_exit([&]() { c.pop_semantic_values_scope(); });
    size_t i = 0;
    for (const auto &ope : opes_) {
      auto len = ope->parse(s + i, n - i, chvs, c, dt);
      if (fail(len)) { return len; }
      i += len;
    }
    vs.append(chvs);
    return i;
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> opes_;
};

class PrioritizedChoice : public Ope {
public:
  template <typename... Args>
  PrioritizedChoice(bool for_label, const Args &...args)
      : opes_{static_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(args)...},
        for_label_(for_label) {}
  PrioritizedChoice(const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> &opes)
      : opes_(opes) {}
  PrioritizedChoice(std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> &&opes) : opes_(opes) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override {
    size_t len = static_cast<size_t>(-1);

    if (!for_label_) { c.cut_stack.push_back(false); }

    size_t id = 0;
    for (const auto &ope : opes_) {
      if (!c.cut_stack.empty()) { c.cut_stack.back() = false; }

      auto &chvs = c.push();
      c.error_info.keep_previous_token = id > 0;
      auto se = scope_exit([&]() {
        c.pop();
        c.error_info.keep_previous_token = false;
      });

      len = ope->parse(s, n, chvs, c, dt);

      if (success(len)) {
        vs.append(chvs);
        vs.choice_count_ = opes_.size();
        vs.choice_ = id;
        c.shift_capture_values();
        break;
      } else if (!c.cut_stack.empty() && c.cut_stack.back()) {
        break;
      }

      id++;
    }

    if (!for_label_) { c.cut_stack.pop_back(); }

    return len;
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  size_t size() const { return opes_.size(); }

  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> opes_;
  bool for_label_ = false;
};

class Repetition : public Ope {
public:
  Repetition(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope, size_t min, size_t max)
      : ope_(ope), min_(min), max_(max) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override {
    size_t count = 0;
    size_t i = 0;
    while (count < min_) {
      auto &chvs = c.push();
      auto se = scope_exit([&]() { c.pop(); });

      auto len = ope_->parse(s + i, n - i, chvs, c, dt);

      if (success(len)) {
        vs.append(chvs);
        c.shift_capture_values();
      } else {
        return len;
      }
      i += len;
      count++;
    }

    while (count < max_) {
      auto &chvs = c.push();
      auto se = scope_exit([&]() { c.pop(); });

      auto len = ope_->parse(s + i, n - i, chvs, c, dt);

      if (success(len)) {
        vs.append(chvs);
        c.shift_capture_values();
      } else {
        break;
      }
      i += len;
      count++;
    }
    return i;
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  bool is_zom() const {
    return min_ == 0 && max_ == std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
  }

  static std::shared_ptr<Repetition> zom(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
    return std::make_shared<Repetition>(ope, 0,
                                        std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max());
  }

  static std::shared_ptr<Repetition> oom(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
    return std::make_shared<Repetition>(ope, 1,
                                        std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max());
  }

  static std::shared_ptr<Repetition> opt(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
    return std::make_shared<Repetition>(ope, 0, 1);
  }

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope_;
  size_t min_;
  size_t max_;
};

class AndPredicate : public Ope {
public:
  AndPredicate(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) : ope_(ope) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues & /*vs*/,
                    Context &c, std::any &dt) const override {
    auto &chvs = c.push();
    auto se = scope_exit([&]() { c.pop(); });

    auto len = ope_->parse(s, n, chvs, c, dt);

    if (success(len)) {
      return 0;
    } else {
      return len;
    }
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope_;
};

class NotPredicate : public Ope {
public:
  NotPredicate(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) : ope_(ope) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues & /*vs*/,
                    Context &c, std::any &dt) const override {
    auto &chvs = c.push();
    auto se = scope_exit([&]() { c.pop(); });
    auto len = ope_->parse(s, n, chvs, c, dt);
    if (success(len)) {
      c.set_error_pos(s);
      return static_cast<size_t>(-1);
    } else {
      return 0;
    }
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope_;
};

class Dictionary : public Ope, public std::enable_shared_from_this<Dictionary> {
public:
  Dictionary(const std::vector<std::string> &v) : trie_(v) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override;

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  Trie trie_;
};

class LiteralString : public Ope,
                      public std::enable_shared_from_this<LiteralString> {
public:
  LiteralString(std::string &&s, bool ignore_case)
      : lit_(s), ignore_case_(ignore_case), is_word_(false) {}

  LiteralString(const std::string &s, bool ignore_case)
      : lit_(s), ignore_case_(ignore_case), is_word_(false) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override;

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::string lit_;
  bool ignore_case_;
  mutable std::once_flag init_is_word_;
  mutable bool is_word_;
};

class CharacterClass : public Ope,
                       public std::enable_shared_from_this<CharacterClass> {
public:
  CharacterClass(const std::string &s, bool negated, bool ignore_case)
      : negated_(negated), ignore_case_(ignore_case) {
    auto chars = decode(s.data(), s.length());
    auto i = 0u;
    while (i < chars.size()) {
      if (i + 2 < chars.size() && chars[i + 1] == '-') {
        auto cp1 = chars[i];
        auto cp2 = chars[i + 2];
        ranges_.emplace_back(std::pair(cp1, cp2));
        i += 3;
      } else {
        auto cp = chars[i];
        ranges_.emplace_back(std::pair(cp, cp));
        i += 1;
      }
    }
    assert(!ranges_.empty());
  }

  CharacterClass(const std::vector<std::pair<char32_t, char32_t>> &ranges,
                 bool negated, bool ignore_case)
      : ranges_(ranges), negated_(negated), ignore_case_(ignore_case) {
    assert(!ranges_.empty());
  }

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues & /*vs*/,
                    Context &c, std::any & /*dt*/) const override {
    if (n < 1) {
      c.set_error_pos(s);
      return static_cast<size_t>(-1);
    }

    char32_t cp = 0;
    auto len = decode_codepoint(s, n, cp);

    for (const auto &range : ranges_) {
      if (in_range(range, cp)) {
        if (negated_) {
          c.set_error_pos(s);
          return static_cast<size_t>(-1);
        } else {
          return len;
        }
      }
    }

    if (negated_) {
      return len;
    } else {
      c.set_error_pos(s);
      return static_cast<size_t>(-1);
    }
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

private:
  bool in_range(const std::pair<char32_t, char32_t> &range, char32_t cp) const {
    if (ignore_case_) {
      auto cpl = std::tolower(cp);
      return std::tolower(range.first) <= cpl &&
             cpl <= std::tolower(range.second);
    } else {
      return range.first <= cp && cp <= range.second;
    }
  }

  std::vector<std::pair<char32_t, char32_t>> ranges_;
  bool negated_;
  bool ignore_case_;
};

class Character : public Ope, public std::enable_shared_from_this<Character> {
public:
  Character(char ch) : ch_(ch) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues & /*vs*/,
                    Context &c, std::any & /*dt*/) const override {
    if (n < 1 || s[0] != ch_) {
      c.set_error_pos(s);
      return static_cast<size_t>(-1);
    }
    return 1;
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  char ch_;
};

class AnyCharacter : public Ope,
                     public std::enable_shared_from_this<AnyCharacter> {
public:
  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues & /*vs*/,
                    Context &c, std::any & /*dt*/) const override {
    auto len = codepoint_length(s, n);
    if (len < 1) {
      c.set_error_pos(s);
      return static_cast<size_t>(-1);
    }
    return len;
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;
};

class CaptureScope : public Ope {
public:
  CaptureScope(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) : ope_(ope) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override {
    c.push_capture_scope();
    auto se = scope_exit([&]() { c.pop_capture_scope(); });
    return ope_->parse(s, n, vs, c, dt);
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope_;
};

class Capture : public Ope {
public:
  using MatchAction = std::function<void(const char *s, size_t n, Context &c)>;

  Capture(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope, MatchAction ma)
      : ope_(ope), match_action_(ma) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override {
    auto len = ope_->parse(s, n, vs, c, dt);
    if (success(len) && match_action_) { match_action_(s, len, c); }
    return len;
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope_;
  MatchAction match_action_;
};

class TokenBoundary : public Ope {
public:
  TokenBoundary(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) : ope_(ope) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override;

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope_;
};

class Ignore : public Ope {
public:
  Ignore(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) : ope_(ope) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues & /*vs*/,
                    Context &c, std::any &dt) const override {
    auto &chvs = c.push_semantic_values_scope();
    auto se = scope_exit([&]() { c.pop_semantic_values_scope(); });
    return ope_->parse(s, n, chvs, c, dt);
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope_;
};

using Parser = std::function<size_t(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs,
                                    std::any &dt)>;

class User : public Ope {
public:
  User(Parser fn) : fn_(fn) {}
  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs,
                    Context & /*c*/, std::any &dt) const override {
    assert(fn_);
    return fn_(s, n, vs, dt);
  }
  void accept(Visitor &v) override;
  std::function<size_t(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs,
                       std::any &dt)>
      fn_;
};

class WeakHolder : public Ope {
public:
  WeakHolder(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) : weak_(ope) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override {
    auto ope = weak_.lock();
    assert(ope);
    return ope->parse(s, n, vs, c, dt);
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::weak_ptr<Ope> weak_;
};

class Holder : public Ope {
public:
  Holder(Definition *outer) : outer_(outer) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override;

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::any reduce(SemanticValues &vs, std::any &dt) const;

  const std::string &name() const;
  const std::string &trace_name() const;

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope_;
  Definition *outer_;
  mutable std::once_flag trace_name_init_;
  mutable std::string trace_name_;

  friend class Definition;
};

using Grammar = std::unordered_map<std::string, Definition>;

class Reference : public Ope, public std::enable_shared_from_this<Reference> {
public:
  Reference(const Grammar &grammar, const std::string &name, const char *s,
            bool is_macro, const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> &args)
      : grammar_(grammar), name_(name), s_(s), is_macro_(is_macro), args_(args),
        rule_(nullptr), iarg_(0) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override;

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> get_core_operator() const;

  const Grammar &grammar_;
  const std::string name_;
  const char *s_;

  const bool is_macro_;
  const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> args_;

  Definition *rule_;
  size_t iarg_;
};

class Whitespace : public Ope {
public:
  Whitespace(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) : ope_(ope) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override {
    if (c.in_whitespace) { return 0; }
    c.in_whitespace = true;
    auto se = scope_exit([&]() { c.in_whitespace = false; });
    return ope_->parse(s, n, vs, c, dt);
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope_;
};

class BackReference : public Ope {
public:
  BackReference(std::string &&name) : name_(name) {}

  BackReference(const std::string &name) : name_(name) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override;

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::string name_;
};

class PrecedenceClimbing : public Ope {
public:
  using BinOpeInfo = std::map<std::string_view, std::pair<size_t, char>>;

  PrecedenceClimbing(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &atom,
                     const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &binop, const BinOpeInfo &info,
                     const Definition &rule)
      : atom_(atom), binop_(binop), info_(info), rule_(rule) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override {
    return parse_expression(s, n, vs, c, dt, 0);
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> atom_;
  std::shared_ptr<Ope> binop_;
  BinOpeInfo info_;
  const Definition &rule_;

private:
  size_t parse_expression(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs,
                          Context &c, std::any &dt, size_t min_prec) const;

  Definition &get_reference_for_binop(Context &c) const;
};

class Recovery : public Ope {
public:
  Recovery(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) : ope_(ope) {}

  size_t parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                    std::any &dt) const override;

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope_;
};

class Cut : public Ope, public std::enable_shared_from_this<Cut> {
public:
  size_t parse_core(const char * /*s*/, size_t /*n*/, SemanticValues & /*vs*/,
                    Context &c, std::any & /*dt*/) const override {
    if (!c.cut_stack.empty()) { c.cut_stack.back() = true; }
    return 0;
  }

  void accept(Visitor &v) override;
};

/*
 * Factories
 */
template <typename... Args> std::shared_ptr<Ope> seq(Args &&...args) {
  return std::make_shared<Sequence>(static_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(args)...);
}

template <typename... Args> std::shared_ptr<Ope> cho(Args &&...args) {
  return std::make_shared<PrioritizedChoice>(
      false, static_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(args)...);
}

template <typename... Args> std::shared_ptr<Ope> cho4label_(Args &&...args) {
  return std::make_shared<PrioritizedChoice>(
      true, static_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(args)...);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> zom(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
  return Repetition::zom(ope);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> oom(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
  return Repetition::oom(ope);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> opt(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
  return Repetition::opt(ope);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> rep(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope, size_t min,
                                size_t max) {
  return std::make_shared<Repetition>(ope, min, max);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> apd(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
  return std::make_shared<AndPredicate>(ope);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> npd(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
  return std::make_shared<NotPredicate>(ope);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> dic(const std::vector<std::string> &v) {
  return std::make_shared<Dictionary>(v);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> lit(std::string &&s) {
  return std::make_shared<LiteralString>(s, false);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> liti(std::string &&s) {
  return std::make_shared<LiteralString>(s, true);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> cls(const std::string &s) {
  return std::make_shared<CharacterClass>(s, false, false);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope>
cls(const std::vector<std::pair<char32_t, char32_t>> &ranges,
    bool ignore_case = false) {
  return std::make_shared<CharacterClass>(ranges, false, ignore_case);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> ncls(const std::string &s) {
  return std::make_shared<CharacterClass>(s, true, false);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope>
ncls(const std::vector<std::pair<char32_t, char32_t>> &ranges,
     bool ignore_case = false) {
  return std::make_shared<CharacterClass>(ranges, true, ignore_case);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> chr(char dt) {
  return std::make_shared<Character>(dt);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> dot() { return std::make_shared<AnyCharacter>(); }

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> csc(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
  return std::make_shared<CaptureScope>(ope);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> cap(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope,
                                Capture::MatchAction ma) {
  return std::make_shared<Capture>(ope, ma);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> tok(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
  return std::make_shared<TokenBoundary>(ope);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> ign(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
  return std::make_shared<Ignore>(ope);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope>
usr(std::function<size_t(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs,
                         std::any &dt)>
        fn) {
  return std::make_shared<User>(fn);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> ref(const Grammar &grammar, const std::string &name,
                                const char *s, bool is_macro,
                                const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> &args) {
  return std::make_shared<Reference>(grammar, name, s, is_macro, args);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> wsp(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
  return std::make_shared<Whitespace>(std::make_shared<Ignore>(ope));
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> bkr(std::string &&name) {
  return std::make_shared<BackReference>(name);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> pre(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &atom,
                                const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &binop,
                                const PrecedenceClimbing::BinOpeInfo &info,
                                const Definition &rule) {
  return std::make_shared<PrecedenceClimbing>(atom, binop, info, rule);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> rec(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
  return std::make_shared<Recovery>(ope);
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> cut() { return std::make_shared<Cut>(); }

/*
 * Visitor
 */
struct Ope::Visitor {
  virtual ~Visitor() {}
  virtual void visit(Sequence &) {}
  virtual void visit(PrioritizedChoice &) {}
  virtual void visit(Repetition &) {}
  virtual void visit(AndPredicate &) {}
  virtual void visit(NotPredicate &) {}
  virtual void visit(Dictionary &) {}
  virtual void visit(LiteralString &) {}
  virtual void visit(CharacterClass &) {}
  virtual void visit(Character &) {}
  virtual void visit(AnyCharacter &) {}
  virtual void visit(CaptureScope &) {}
  virtual void visit(Capture &) {}
  virtual void visit(TokenBoundary &) {}
  virtual void visit(Ignore &) {}
  virtual void visit(User &) {}
  virtual void visit(WeakHolder &) {}
  virtual void visit(Holder &) {}
  virtual void visit(Reference &) {}
  virtual void visit(Whitespace &) {}
  virtual void visit(BackReference &) {}
  virtual void visit(PrecedenceClimbing &) {}
  virtual void visit(Recovery &) {}
  virtual void visit(Cut &) {}
};

struct TraceOpeName : public Ope::Visitor {
  void visit(Sequence &) override { name_ = "Sequence"; }
  void visit(PrioritizedChoice &) override { name_ = "PrioritizedChoice"; }
  void visit(Repetition &) override { name_ = "Repetition"; }
  void visit(AndPredicate &) override { name_ = "AndPredicate"; }
  void visit(NotPredicate &) override { name_ = "NotPredicate"; }
  void visit(Dictionary &) override { name_ = "Dictionary"; }
  void visit(LiteralString &) override { name_ = "LiteralString"; }
  void visit(CharacterClass &) override { name_ = "CharacterClass"; }
  void visit(Character &) override { name_ = "Character"; }
  void visit(AnyCharacter &) override { name_ = "AnyCharacter"; }
  void visit(CaptureScope &) override { name_ = "CaptureScope"; }
  void visit(Capture &) override { name_ = "Capture"; }
  void visit(TokenBoundary &) override { name_ = "TokenBoundary"; }
  void visit(Ignore &) override { name_ = "Ignore"; }
  void visit(User &) override { name_ = "User"; }
  void visit(WeakHolder &) override { name_ = "WeakHolder"; }
  void visit(Holder &ope) override { name_ = ope.trace_name().data(); }
  void visit(Reference &) override { name_ = "Reference"; }
  void visit(Whitespace &) override { name_ = "Whitespace"; }
  void visit(BackReference &) override { name_ = "BackReference"; }
  void visit(PrecedenceClimbing &) override { name_ = "PrecedenceClimbing"; }
  void visit(Recovery &) override { name_ = "Recovery"; }
  void visit(Cut &) override { name_ = "Cut"; }

  static std::string get(Ope &ope) {
    TraceOpeName vis;
    ope.accept(vis);
    return vis.name_;
  }

private:
  const char *name_ = nullptr;
};

struct AssignIDToDefinition : public Ope::Visitor {
  void visit(Sequence &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      op->accept(*this);
    }
  }
  void visit(PrioritizedChoice &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      op->accept(*this);
    }
  }
  void visit(Repetition &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(AndPredicate &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(NotPredicate &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(CaptureScope &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Capture &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(TokenBoundary &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Ignore &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(WeakHolder &ope) override { ope.weak_.lock()->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Holder &ope) override;
  void visit(Reference &ope) override;
  void visit(Whitespace &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(PrecedenceClimbing &ope) override;
  void visit(Recovery &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }

  std::unordered_map<void *, size_t> ids;
};

struct IsLiteralToken : public Ope::Visitor {
  void visit(PrioritizedChoice &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      if (!IsLiteralToken::check(*op)) { return; }
    }
    result_ = true;
  }

  void visit(Dictionary &) override { result_ = true; }
  void visit(LiteralString &) override { result_ = true; }

  static bool check(Ope &ope) {
    IsLiteralToken vis;
    ope.accept(vis);
    return vis.result_;
  }

private:
  bool result_ = false;
};

struct TokenChecker : public Ope::Visitor {
  void visit(Sequence &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      op->accept(*this);
    }
  }
  void visit(PrioritizedChoice &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      op->accept(*this);
    }
  }
  void visit(Repetition &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(CaptureScope &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Capture &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(TokenBoundary &) override { has_token_boundary_ = true; }
  void visit(Ignore &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(WeakHolder &) override { has_rule_ = true; }
  void visit(Holder &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Reference &ope) override;
  void visit(Whitespace &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(PrecedenceClimbing &ope) override { ope.atom_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Recovery &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }

  static bool is_token(Ope &ope) {
    if (IsLiteralToken::check(ope)) { return true; }

    TokenChecker vis;
    ope.accept(vis);
    return vis.has_token_boundary_ || !vis.has_rule_;
  }

private:
  bool has_token_boundary_ = false;
  bool has_rule_ = false;
};

struct FindLiteralToken : public Ope::Visitor {
  void visit(LiteralString &ope) override { token_ = ope.lit_.data(); }
  void visit(TokenBoundary &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Ignore &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Reference &ope) override;
  void visit(Recovery &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }

  static const char *token(Ope &ope) {
    FindLiteralToken vis;
    ope.accept(vis);
    return vis.token_;
  }

private:
  const char *token_ = nullptr;
};

struct DetectLeftRecursion : public Ope::Visitor {
  DetectLeftRecursion(const std::string &name) : name_(name) {}

  void visit(Sequence &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      op->accept(*this);
      if (done_) {
        break;
      } else if (error_s) {
        done_ = true;
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  void visit(PrioritizedChoice &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      op->accept(*this);
      if (error_s) {
        done_ = true;
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  void visit(Repetition &ope) override {
    ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    done_ = ope.min_ > 0;
  }
  void visit(AndPredicate &ope) override {
    ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    done_ = false;
  }
  void visit(NotPredicate &ope) override {
    ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    done_ = false;
  }
  void visit(Dictionary &) override { done_ = true; }
  void visit(LiteralString &ope) override { done_ = !ope.lit_.empty(); }
  void visit(CharacterClass &) override { done_ = true; }
  void visit(Character &) override { done_ = true; }
  void visit(AnyCharacter &) override { done_ = true; }
  void visit(CaptureScope &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Capture &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(TokenBoundary &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Ignore &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(User &) override { done_ = true; }
  void visit(WeakHolder &ope) override { ope.weak_.lock()->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Holder &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Reference &ope) override;
  void visit(Whitespace &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(BackReference &) override { done_ = true; }
  void visit(PrecedenceClimbing &ope) override { ope.atom_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Recovery &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Cut &) override { done_ = true; }

  const char *error_s = nullptr;

private:
  std::string name_;
  std::unordered_set<std::string> refs_;
  bool done_ = false;
};

struct HasEmptyElement : public Ope::Visitor {
  HasEmptyElement(std::vector<std::pair<const char *, std::string>> &refs,
                  std::unordered_map<std::string, bool> &has_error_cache)
      : refs_(refs), has_error_cache_(has_error_cache) {}

  void visit(Sequence &ope) override;
  void visit(PrioritizedChoice &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      op->accept(*this);
      if (is_empty) { return; }
    }
  }
  void visit(Repetition &ope) override {
    if (ope.min_ == 0) {
      set_error();
    } else {
      ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    }
  }
  void visit(AndPredicate &) override { set_error(); }
  void visit(NotPredicate &) override { set_error(); }
  void visit(LiteralString &ope) override {
    if (ope.lit_.empty()) { set_error(); }
  }
  void visit(CaptureScope &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Capture &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(TokenBoundary &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Ignore &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(WeakHolder &ope) override { ope.weak_.lock()->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Holder &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Reference &ope) override;
  void visit(Whitespace &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(PrecedenceClimbing &ope) override { ope.atom_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Recovery &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }

  bool is_empty = false;
  const char *error_s = nullptr;
  std::string error_name;

private:
  void set_error() {
    is_empty = true;
    tie(error_s, error_name) = refs_.back();
  }
  std::vector<std::pair<const char *, std::string>> &refs_;
  std::unordered_map<std::string, bool> &has_error_cache_;
};

struct DetectInfiniteLoop : public Ope::Visitor {
  DetectInfiniteLoop(const char *s, const std::string &name,
                     std::vector<std::pair<const char *, std::string>> &refs,
                     std::unordered_map<std::string, bool> &has_error_cache)
      : refs_(refs), has_error_cache_(has_error_cache) {
    refs_.emplace_back(s, name);
  }

  DetectInfiniteLoop(std::vector<std::pair<const char *, std::string>> &refs,
                     std::unordered_map<std::string, bool> &has_error_cache)
      : refs_(refs), has_error_cache_(has_error_cache) {}

  void visit(Sequence &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      op->accept(*this);
      if (has_error) { return; }
    }
  }
  void visit(PrioritizedChoice &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      op->accept(*this);
      if (has_error) { return; }
    }
  }
  void visit(Repetition &ope) override {
    if (ope.max_ == std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max()) {
      HasEmptyElement vis(refs_, has_error_cache_);
      ope.ope_->accept(vis);
      if (vis.is_empty) {
        has_error = true;
        error_s = vis.error_s;
        error_name = vis.error_name;
      }
    } else {
      ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    }
  }
  void visit(AndPredicate &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(NotPredicate &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(CaptureScope &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Capture &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(TokenBoundary &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Ignore &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(WeakHolder &ope) override { ope.weak_.lock()->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Holder &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Reference &ope) override;
  void visit(Whitespace &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(PrecedenceClimbing &ope) override { ope.atom_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Recovery &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }

  bool has_error = false;
  const char *error_s = nullptr;
  std::string error_name;

private:
  std::vector<std::pair<const char *, std::string>> &refs_;
  std::unordered_map<std::string, bool> &has_error_cache_;
};

struct ReferenceChecker : public Ope::Visitor {
  ReferenceChecker(const Grammar &grammar,
                   const std::vector<std::string> &params)
      : grammar_(grammar), params_(params) {}

  void visit(Sequence &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      op->accept(*this);
    }
  }
  void visit(PrioritizedChoice &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      op->accept(*this);
    }
  }
  void visit(Repetition &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(AndPredicate &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(NotPredicate &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(CaptureScope &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Capture &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(TokenBoundary &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Ignore &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(WeakHolder &ope) override { ope.weak_.lock()->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Holder &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Reference &ope) override;
  void visit(Whitespace &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(PrecedenceClimbing &ope) override { ope.atom_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Recovery &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }

  std::unordered_map<std::string, const char *> error_s;
  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> error_message;
  std::unordered_set<std::string> referenced;

private:
  const Grammar &grammar_;
  const std::vector<std::string> &params_;
};

struct LinkReferences : public Ope::Visitor {
  LinkReferences(Grammar &grammar, const std::vector<std::string> &params)
      : grammar_(grammar), params_(params) {}

  void visit(Sequence &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      op->accept(*this);
    }
  }
  void visit(PrioritizedChoice &ope) override {
    for (auto op : ope.opes_) {
      op->accept(*this);
    }
  }
  void visit(Repetition &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(AndPredicate &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(NotPredicate &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(CaptureScope &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Capture &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(TokenBoundary &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Ignore &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(WeakHolder &ope) override { ope.weak_.lock()->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Holder &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Reference &ope) override;
  void visit(Whitespace &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(PrecedenceClimbing &ope) override { ope.atom_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Recovery &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }

private:
  Grammar &grammar_;
  const std::vector<std::string> &params_;
};

struct FindReference : public Ope::Visitor {
  FindReference(const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> &args,
                const std::vector<std::string> &params)
      : args_(args), params_(params) {}

  void visit(Sequence &ope) override {
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> opes;
    for (auto o : ope.opes_) {
      o->accept(*this);
      opes.push_back(found_ope);
    }
    found_ope = std::make_shared<Sequence>(opes);
  }
  void visit(PrioritizedChoice &ope) override {
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> opes;
    for (auto o : ope.opes_) {
      o->accept(*this);
      opes.push_back(found_ope);
    }
    found_ope = std::make_shared<PrioritizedChoice>(opes);
  }
  void visit(Repetition &ope) override {
    ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    found_ope = rep(found_ope, ope.min_, ope.max_);
  }
  void visit(AndPredicate &ope) override {
    ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    found_ope = apd(found_ope);
  }
  void visit(NotPredicate &ope) override {
    ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    found_ope = npd(found_ope);
  }
  void visit(Dictionary &ope) override { found_ope = ope.shared_from_this(); }
  void visit(LiteralString &ope) override {
    found_ope = ope.shared_from_this();
  }
  void visit(CharacterClass &ope) override {
    found_ope = ope.shared_from_this();
  }
  void visit(Character &ope) override { found_ope = ope.shared_from_this(); }
  void visit(AnyCharacter &ope) override { found_ope = ope.shared_from_this(); }
  void visit(CaptureScope &ope) override {
    ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    found_ope = csc(found_ope);
  }
  void visit(Capture &ope) override {
    ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    found_ope = cap(found_ope, ope.match_action_);
  }
  void visit(TokenBoundary &ope) override {
    ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    found_ope = tok(found_ope);
  }
  void visit(Ignore &ope) override {
    ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    found_ope = ign(found_ope);
  }
  void visit(WeakHolder &ope) override { ope.weak_.lock()->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Holder &ope) override { ope.ope_->accept(*this); }
  void visit(Reference &ope) override;
  void visit(Whitespace &ope) override {
    ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    found_ope = wsp(found_ope);
  }
  void visit(PrecedenceClimbing &ope) override {
    ope.atom_->accept(*this);
    found_ope = csc(found_ope);
  }
  void visit(Recovery &ope) override {
    ope.ope_->accept(*this);
    found_ope = rec(found_ope);
  }
  void visit(Cut &ope) override { found_ope = ope.shared_from_this(); }

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> found_ope;

private:
  const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> &args_;
  const std::vector<std::string> &params_;
};

/*
 * Keywords
 */
static const char *WHITESPACE_DEFINITION_NAME = "%whitespace";
static const char *WORD_DEFINITION_NAME = "%word";
static const char *RECOVER_DEFINITION_NAME = "%recover";

/*
 * Definition
 */
class Definition {
public:
  struct Result {
    bool ret;
    bool recovered;
    size_t len;
    ErrorInfo error_info;
  };

  Definition() : holder_(std::make_shared<Holder>(this)) {}

  Definition(const Definition &rhs) : name(rhs.name), holder_(rhs.holder_) {
    holder_->outer_ = this;
  }

  Definition(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope)
      : holder_(std::make_shared<Holder>(this)) {
    *this <= ope;
  }

  operator std::shared_ptr<Ope>() {
    return std::make_shared<WeakHolder>(holder_);
  }

  Definition &operator<=(const std::shared_ptr<Ope> &ope) {
    holder_->ope_ = ope;
    return *this;
  }

  Result parse(const char *s, size_t n, const char *path = nullptr,
               Log log = nullptr) const {
    SemanticValues vs;
    std::any dt;
    return parse_core(s, n, vs, dt, path, log);
  }

  Result parse(const char *s, const char *path = nullptr,
               Log log = nullptr) const {
    auto n = strlen(s);
    return parse(s, n, path, log);
  }

  Result parse(const char *s, size_t n, std::any &dt,
               const char *path = nullptr, Log log = nullptr) const {
    SemanticValues vs;
    return parse_core(s, n, vs, dt, path, log);
  }

  Result parse(const char *s, std::any &dt, const char *path = nullptr,
               Log log = nullptr) const {
    auto n = strlen(s);
    return parse(s, n, dt, path, log);
  }

  template <typename T>
  Result parse_and_get_value(const char *s, size_t n, T &val,
                             const char *path = nullptr,
                             Log log = nullptr) const {
    SemanticValues vs;
    std::any dt;
    auto r = parse_core(s, n, vs, dt, path, log);
    if (r.ret && !vs.empty() && vs.front().has_value()) {
      val = std::any_cast<T>(vs[0]);
    }
    return r;
  }

  template <typename T>
  Result parse_and_get_value(const char *s, T &val, const char *path = nullptr,
                             Log log = nullptr) const {
    auto n = strlen(s);
    return parse_and_get_value(s, n, val, path, log);
  }

  template <typename T>
  Result parse_and_get_value(const char *s, size_t n, std::any &dt, T &val,
                             const char *path = nullptr,
                             Log log = nullptr) const {
    SemanticValues vs;
    auto r = parse_core(s, n, vs, dt, path, log);
    if (r.ret && !vs.empty() && vs.front().has_value()) {
      val = std::any_cast<T>(vs[0]);
    }
    return r;
  }

  template <typename T>
  Result parse_and_get_value(const char *s, std::any &dt, T &val,
                             const char *path = nullptr,
                             Log log = nullptr) const {
    auto n = strlen(s);
    return parse_and_get_value(s, n, dt, val, path, log);
  }

#if defined(__cpp_lib_char8_t)
  Result parse(const char8_t *s, size_t n, const char *path = nullptr,
               Log log = nullptr) const {
    return parse(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(s), n, path, log);
  }

  Result parse(const char8_t *s, const char *path = nullptr,
               Log log = nullptr) const {
    return parse(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(s), path, log);
  }

  Result parse(const char8_t *s, size_t n, std::any &dt,
               const char *path = nullptr, Log log = nullptr) const {
    return parse(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(s), n, dt, path, log);
  }

  Result parse(const char8_t *s, std::any &dt, const char *path = nullptr,
               Log log = nullptr) const {
    return parse(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(s), dt, path, log);
  }

  template <typename T>
  Result parse_and_get_value(const char8_t *s, size_t n, T &val,
                             const char *path = nullptr,
                             Log log = nullptr) const {
    return parse_and_get_value(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(s), n, val, *path,
                               log);
  }

  template <typename T>
  Result parse_and_get_value(const char8_t *s, T &val,
                             const char *path = nullptr,
                             Log log = nullptr) const {
    return parse_and_get_value(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(s), val, *path,
                               log);
  }

  template <typename T>
  Result parse_and_get_value(const char8_t *s, size_t n, std::any &dt, T &val,
                             const char *path = nullptr,
                             Log log = nullptr) const {
    return parse_and_get_value(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(s), n, dt, val,
                               *path, log);
  }

  template <typename T>
  Result parse_and_get_value(const char8_t *s, std::any &dt, T &val,
                             const char *path = nullptr,
                             Log log = nullptr) const {
    return parse_and_get_value(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(s), dt, val,
                               *path, log);
  }
#endif

  void operator=(Action a) { action = a; }

  template <typename T> Definition &operator,(T fn) {
    operator=(fn);
    return *this;
  }

  Definition &operator~() {
    ignoreSemanticValue = true;
    return *this;
  }

  void accept(Ope::Visitor &v) { holder_->accept(v); }

  std::shared_ptr<Ope> get_core_operator() const { return holder_->ope_; }

  bool is_token() const {
    std::call_once(is_token_init_, [this]() {
      is_token_ = TokenChecker::is_token(*get_core_operator());
    });
    return is_token_;
  }

  std::string name;
  const char *s_ = nullptr;
  std::pair<size_t, size_t> line_ = {1, 1};

  std::function<bool(const SemanticValues &vs, const std::any &dt,
                     std::string &msg)>
      predicate;

  size_t id = 0;
  Action action;
  std::function<void(const Context &c, const char *s, size_t n, std::any &dt)>
      enter;
  std::function<void(const Context &c, const char *s, size_t n, size_t matchlen,
                     std::any &value, std::any &dt)>
      leave;
  bool ignoreSemanticValue = false;
  std::shared_ptr<Ope> whitespaceOpe;
  std::shared_ptr<Ope> wordOpe;
  bool enablePackratParsing = false;
  bool is_macro = false;
  std::vector<std::string> params;
  bool disable_action = false;

  TracerEnter tracer_enter;
  TracerLeave tracer_leave;
  bool verbose_trace = false;
  TracerStartOrEnd tracer_start;
  TracerStartOrEnd tracer_end;

  std::string error_message;
  bool no_ast_opt = false;

  bool eoi_check = true;

private:
  friend class Reference;
  friend class ParserGenerator;

  Definition &operator=(const Definition &rhs);
  Definition &operator=(Definition &&rhs);

  void initialize_definition_ids() const {
    std::call_once(definition_ids_init_, [&]() {
      AssignIDToDefinition vis;
      holder_->accept(vis);
      if (whitespaceOpe) { whitespaceOpe->accept(vis); }
      if (wordOpe) { wordOpe->accept(vis); }
      definition_ids_.swap(vis.ids);
    });
  }

  Result parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs, std::any &dt,
                    const char *path, Log log) const {
    initialize_definition_ids();

    std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope = holder_;

    std::any trace_data;
    if (tracer_start) { tracer_start(trace_data); }
    auto se = scope_exit([&]() {
      if (tracer_end) { tracer_end(trace_data); }
    });

    Context c(path, s, n, definition_ids_.size(), whitespaceOpe, wordOpe,
              enablePackratParsing, tracer_enter, tracer_leave, trace_data,
              verbose_trace, log);

    size_t i = 0;

    if (whitespaceOpe) {
      auto save_ignore_trace_state = c.ignore_trace_state;
      c.ignore_trace_state = !c.verbose_trace;
      auto se =
          scope_exit([&]() { c.ignore_trace_state = save_ignore_trace_state; });

      auto len = whitespaceOpe->parse(s, n, vs, c, dt);
      if (fail(len)) { return Result{false, c.recovered, i, c.error_info}; }

      i = len;
    }

    auto len = ope->parse(s + i, n - i, vs, c, dt);
    auto ret = success(len);
    if (ret) {
      i += len;
      if (eoi_check) {
        if (i < n) {
          if (c.error_info.error_pos - c.s < s + i - c.s) {
            c.error_info.message_pos = s + i;
            c.error_info.message = "expected end of input";
          }
          ret = false;
        }
      }
    }
    return Result{ret, c.recovered, i, c.error_info};
  }

  std::shared_ptr<Holder> holder_;
  mutable std::once_flag is_token_init_;
  mutable bool is_token_ = false;
  mutable std::once_flag assign_id_to_definition_init_;
  mutable std::once_flag definition_ids_init_;
  mutable std::unordered_map<void *, size_t> definition_ids_;
};

/*
 * Implementations
 */

inline size_t parse_literal(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs,
                            Context &c, std::any &dt, const std::string &lit,
                            std::once_flag &init_is_word, bool &is_word,
                            bool ignore_case) {
  size_t i = 0;
  for (; i < lit.size(); i++) {
    if (i >= n || (ignore_case ? (std::tolower(s[i]) != std::tolower(lit[i]))
                               : (s[i] != lit[i]))) {
      c.set_error_pos(s, lit.data());
      return static_cast<size_t>(-1);
    }
  }

  // Word check
  if (c.wordOpe) {
    auto save_ignore_trace_state = c.ignore_trace_state;
    c.ignore_trace_state = !c.verbose_trace;
    auto se =
        scope_exit([&]() { c.ignore_trace_state = save_ignore_trace_state; });

    std::call_once(init_is_word, [&]() {
      SemanticValues dummy_vs;
      Context dummy_c(nullptr, c.s, c.l, 0, nullptr, nullptr, false, nullptr,
                      nullptr, nullptr, false, nullptr);
      std::any dummy_dt;

      auto len =
          c.wordOpe->parse(lit.data(), lit.size(), dummy_vs, dummy_c, dummy_dt);
      is_word = success(len);
    });

    if (is_word) {
      SemanticValues dummy_vs;
      Context dummy_c(nullptr, c.s, c.l, 0, nullptr, nullptr, false, nullptr,
                      nullptr, nullptr, false, nullptr);
      std::any dummy_dt;

      NotPredicate ope(c.wordOpe);
      auto len = ope.parse(s + i, n - i, dummy_vs, dummy_c, dummy_dt);
      if (fail(len)) {
        c.set_error_pos(s, lit.data());
        return len;
      }
      i += len;
    }
  }

  // Skip whiltespace
  if (!c.in_token_boundary_count && c.whitespaceOpe) {
    auto save_ignore_trace_state = c.ignore_trace_state;
    c.ignore_trace_state = !c.verbose_trace;
    auto se =
        scope_exit([&]() { c.ignore_trace_state = save_ignore_trace_state; });

    auto len = c.whitespaceOpe->parse(s + i, n - i, vs, c, dt);
    if (fail(len)) { return len; }
    i += len;
  }

  return i;
}

inline std::pair<size_t, size_t> SemanticValues::line_info() const {
  assert(c_);
  return c_->line_info(sv_.data());
}

inline void ErrorInfo::output_log(const Log &log, const char *s, size_t n) {
  if (message_pos) {
    if (message_pos > last_output_pos) {
      last_output_pos = message_pos;
      auto line = line_info(s, message_pos);
      std::string msg;
      if (auto unexpected_token = heuristic_error_token(s, n, message_pos);
          !unexpected_token.empty()) {
        msg = replace_all(message, "%t", unexpected_token);

        auto unexpected_char = unexpected_token.substr(
            0,
            codepoint_length(unexpected_token.data(), unexpected_token.size()));

        msg = replace_all(msg, "%c", unexpected_char);
      } else {
        msg = message;
      }
      log(line.first, line.second, msg, label);
    }
  } else if (error_pos) {
    if (error_pos > last_output_pos) {
      last_output_pos = error_pos;
      auto line = line_info(s, error_pos);

      std::string msg;
      if (expected_tokens.empty()) {
        msg = "syntax error.";
      } else {
        msg = "syntax error";

        // unexpected token
        if (auto unexpected_token = heuristic_error_token(s, n, error_pos);
            !unexpected_token.empty()) {
          msg += ", unexpected '";
          msg += unexpected_token;
          msg += "'";
        }

        auto first_item = true;
        size_t i = 0;
        while (i < expected_tokens.size()) {
          auto [error_literal, error_rule] = expected_tokens[i];

          // Skip rules start with '_'
          if (!(error_rule && error_rule->name[0] == '_')) {
            msg += (first_item ? ", expecting " : ", ");
            if (error_literal) {
              msg += "'";
              msg += error_literal;
              msg += "'";
            } else {
              msg += "<" + error_rule->name + ">";
              if (label.empty()) { label = error_rule->name; }
            }
            first_item = false;
          }

          i++;
        }
        msg += ".";
      }
      log(line.first, line.second, msg, label);
    }
  }
}

inline void Context::set_error_pos(const char *a_s, const char *literal) {
  if (log) {
    if (error_info.error_pos <= a_s) {
      if (error_info.error_pos < a_s || !error_info.keep_previous_token) {
        error_info.error_pos = a_s;
        error_info.expected_tokens.clear();
      }

      const char *error_literal = nullptr;
      const Definition *error_rule = nullptr;

      if (literal) {
        error_literal = literal;
      } else if (!rule_stack.empty()) {
        auto rule = rule_stack.back();
        auto ope = rule->get_core_operator();
        if (auto token = FindLiteralToken::token(*ope);
            token && token[0] != '\0') {
          error_literal = token;
        }
      }

      for (auto r : rule_stack) {
        error_rule = r;
        if (r->is_token()) { break; }
      }

      if (error_literal || error_rule) {
        error_info.add(error_literal, error_rule);
      }
    }
  }
}

inline void Context::trace_enter(const Ope &ope, const char *a_s, size_t n,
                                 const SemanticValues &vs, std::any &dt) {
  trace_ids.push_back(next_trace_id++);
  tracer_enter(ope, a_s, n, vs, *this, dt, trace_data);
}

inline void Context::trace_leave(const Ope &ope, const char *a_s, size_t n,
                                 const SemanticValues &vs, std::any &dt,
                                 size_t len) {
  tracer_leave(ope, a_s, n, vs, *this, dt, len, trace_data);
  trace_ids.pop_back();
}

inline bool Context::is_traceable(const Ope &ope) const {
  if (tracer_enter && tracer_leave) {
    if (ignore_trace_state) { return false; }
    return !dynamic_cast<const peg::Reference *>(&ope);
  }
  return false;
}

inline size_t Ope::parse(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs,
                         Context &c, std::any &dt) const {
  if (c.is_traceable(*this)) {
    c.trace_enter(*this, s, n, vs, dt);
    auto len = parse_core(s, n, vs, c, dt);
    c.trace_leave(*this, s, n, vs, dt, len);
    return len;
  }
  return parse_core(s, n, vs, c, dt);
}

inline size_t Dictionary::parse_core(const char *s, size_t n,
                                     SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                                     std::any &dt) const {
  auto i = trie_.match(s, n);
  if (i == 0) {
    c.set_error_pos(s);
    return static_cast<size_t>(-1);
  }

  // Word check
  if (c.wordOpe) {
    auto save_ignore_trace_state = c.ignore_trace_state;
    c.ignore_trace_state = !c.verbose_trace;
    auto se =
        scope_exit([&]() { c.ignore_trace_state = save_ignore_trace_state; });

    {
      SemanticValues dummy_vs;
      Context dummy_c(nullptr, c.s, c.l, 0, nullptr, nullptr, false, nullptr,
                      nullptr, nullptr, false, nullptr);
      std::any dummy_dt;

      NotPredicate ope(c.wordOpe);
      auto len = ope.parse(s + i, n - i, dummy_vs, dummy_c, dummy_dt);
      if (fail(len)) {
        c.set_error_pos(s);
        return len;
      }
      i += len;
    }
  }

  // Skip whiltespace
  if (!c.in_token_boundary_count && c.whitespaceOpe) {
    auto save_ignore_trace_state = c.ignore_trace_state;
    c.ignore_trace_state = !c.verbose_trace;
    auto se =
        scope_exit([&]() { c.ignore_trace_state = save_ignore_trace_state; });

    auto len = c.whitespaceOpe->parse(s + i, n - i, vs, c, dt);
    if (fail(len)) { return len; }
    i += len;
  }

  return i;
}

inline size_t LiteralString::parse_core(const char *s, size_t n,
                                        SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                                        std::any &dt) const {
  return parse_literal(s, n, vs, c, dt, lit_, init_is_word_, is_word_,
                       ignore_case_);
}

inline size_t TokenBoundary::parse_core(const char *s, size_t n,
                                        SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                                        std::any &dt) const {
  auto save_ignore_trace_state = c.ignore_trace_state;
  c.ignore_trace_state = !c.verbose_trace;
  auto se =
      scope_exit([&]() { c.ignore_trace_state = save_ignore_trace_state; });

  size_t len;
  {
    c.in_token_boundary_count++;
    auto se = scope_exit([&]() { c.in_token_boundary_count--; });
    len = ope_->parse(s, n, vs, c, dt);
  }

  if (success(len)) {
    vs.tokens.emplace_back(std::string_view(s, len));

    if (!c.in_token_boundary_count) {
      if (c.whitespaceOpe) {
        auto l = c.whitespaceOpe->parse(s + len, n - len, vs, c, dt);
        if (fail(l)) { return l; }
        len += l;
      }
    }
  }
  return len;
}

inline size_t Holder::parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs,
                                 Context &c, std::any &dt) const {
  if (!ope_) {
    throw std::logic_error("Uninitialized definition ope was used...");
  }

  // Macro reference
  if (outer_->is_macro) {
    c.rule_stack.push_back(outer_);
    auto len = ope_->parse(s, n, vs, c, dt);
    c.rule_stack.pop_back();
    return len;
  }

  size_t len;
  std::any val;

  c.packrat(s, outer_->id, len, val, [&](std::any &a_val) {
    if (outer_->enter) { outer_->enter(c, s, n, dt); }
    auto &chvs = c.push_semantic_values_scope();
    auto se = scope_exit([&]() {
      c.pop_semantic_values_scope();
      if (outer_->leave) { outer_->leave(c, s, n, len, a_val, dt); }
    });

    c.rule_stack.push_back(outer_);
    len = ope_->parse(s, n, chvs, c, dt);
    c.rule_stack.pop_back();

    // Invoke action
    if (success(len)) {
      chvs.sv_ = std::string_view(s, len);
      chvs.name_ = outer_->name;

      if (!dynamic_cast<const peg::PrioritizedChoice *>(ope_.get())) {
        chvs.choice_count_ = 0;
        chvs.choice_ = 0;
      }

      std::string msg;
      if (outer_->predicate && !outer_->predicate(chvs, dt, msg)) {
        if (c.log && !msg.empty() && c.error_info.message_pos < s) {
          c.error_info.message_pos = s;
          c.error_info.message = msg;
          c.error_info.label = outer_->name;
        }
        len = static_cast<size_t>(-1);
      }

      if (success(len)) {
        if (!c.recovered) { a_val = reduce(chvs, dt); }
      } else {
        if (c.log && !msg.empty() && c.error_info.message_pos < s) {
          c.error_info.message_pos = s;
          c.error_info.message = msg;
          c.error_info.label = outer_->name;
        }
      }
    } else {
      if (c.log && !outer_->error_message.empty() &&
          c.error_info.message_pos < s) {
        c.error_info.message_pos = s;
        c.error_info.message = outer_->error_message;
        c.error_info.label = outer_->name;
      }
    }
  });

  if (success(len)) {
    if (!outer_->ignoreSemanticValue) {
      vs.emplace_back(std::move(val));
      vs.tags.emplace_back(str2tag(outer_->name));
    }
  }

  return len;
}

inline std::any Holder::reduce(SemanticValues &vs, std::any &dt) const {
  if (outer_->action && !outer_->disable_action) {
    return outer_->action(vs, dt);
  } else if (vs.empty()) {
    return std::any();
  } else {
    return std::move(vs.front());
  }
}

inline const std::string &Holder::name() const { return outer_->name; }

inline const std::string &Holder::trace_name() const {
  std::call_once(trace_name_init_,
                 [this]() { trace_name_ = "[" + outer_->name + "]"; });
  return trace_name_;
}

inline size_t Reference::parse_core(const char *s, size_t n, SemanticValues &vs,
                                    Context &c, std::any &dt) const {
  auto save_ignore_trace_state = c.ignore_trace_state;
  if (rule_ && rule_->ignoreSemanticValue) {
    c.ignore_trace_state = !c.verbose_trace;
  }
  auto se =
      scope_exit([&]() { c.ignore_trace_state = save_ignore_trace_state; });

  if (rule_) {
    // Reference rule
    if (rule_->is_macro) {
      // Macro
      FindReference vis(c.top_args(), c.rule_stack.back()->params);

      // Collect arguments
      std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> args;
      for (auto arg : args_) {
        arg->accept(vis);
        args.emplace_back(std::move(vis.found_ope));
      }

      c.push_args(std::move(args));
      auto se = scope_exit([&]() { c.pop_args(); });
      auto ope = get_core_operator();
      return ope->parse(s, n, vs, c, dt);
    } else {
      // Definition
      c.push_args(std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>());
      auto se = scope_exit([&]() { c.pop_args(); });
      auto ope = get_core_operator();
      return ope->parse(s, n, vs, c, dt);
    }
  } else {
    // Reference parameter in macro
    const auto &args = c.top_args();
    return args[iarg_]->parse(s, n, vs, c, dt);
  }
}

inline std::shared_ptr<Ope> Reference::get_core_operator() const {
  return rule_->holder_;
}

inline size_t BackReference::parse_core(const char *s, size_t n,
                                        SemanticValues &vs, Context &c,
                                        std::any &dt) const {
  auto size = static_cast<int>(c.capture_scope_stack_size);
  for (auto i = size - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    auto index = static_cast<size_t>(i);
    const auto &cs = c.capture_scope_stack[index];
    if (cs.find(name_) != cs.end()) {
      const auto &lit = cs.at(name_);
      std::once_flag init_is_word;
      auto is_word = false;
      return parse_literal(s, n, vs, c, dt, lit, init_is_word, is_word, false);
    }
  }

  c.error_info.message_pos = s;
  c.error_info.message = "undefined back reference '$" + name_ + "'...";
  return static_cast<size_t>(-1);
}

inline Definition &
PrecedenceClimbing::get_reference_for_binop(Context &c) const {
  if (rule_.is_macro) {
    // Reference parameter in macro
    const auto &args = c.top_args();
    auto iarg = dynamic_cast<Reference &>(*binop_).iarg_;
    auto arg = args[iarg];
    return *dynamic_cast<Reference &>(*arg).rule_;
  }

  return *dynamic_cast<Reference &>(*binop_).rule_;
}

inline size_t PrecedenceClimbing::parse_expression(const char *s, size_t n,
                                                   SemanticValues &vs,
                                                   Context &c, std::any &dt,
                                                   size_t min_prec) const {
  auto len = atom_->parse(s, n, vs, c, dt);
  if (fail(len)) { return len; }

  std::string tok;
  auto &rule = get_reference_for_binop(c);
  auto action = std::move(rule.action);

  rule.action = [&](SemanticValues &vs2, std::any &dt2) {
    tok = vs2.token();
    if (action) {
      return action(vs2, dt2);
    } else if (!vs2.empty()) {
      return vs2[0];
    }
    return std::any();
  };
  auto action_se = scope_exit([&]() { rule.action = std::move(action); });

  auto i = len;
  while (i < n) {
    std::vector<std::any> save_values(vs.begin(), vs.end());
    auto save_tokens = vs.tokens;

    auto chvs = c.push_semantic_values_scope();
    auto chlen = binop_->parse(s + i, n - i, chvs, c, dt);
    c.pop_semantic_values_scope();

    if (fail(chlen)) { break; }

    auto it = info_.find(tok);
    if (it == info_.end()) { break; }

    auto level = std::get<0>(it->second);
    auto assoc = std::get<1>(it->second);

    if (level < min_prec) { break; }

    vs.emplace_back(std::move(chvs[0]));
    i += chlen;

    auto next_min_prec = level;
    if (assoc == 'L') { next_min_prec = level + 1; }

    chvs = c.push_semantic_values_scope();
    chlen = parse_expression(s + i, n - i, chvs, c, dt, next_min_prec);
    c.pop_semantic_values_scope();

    if (fail(chlen)) {
      vs.assign(save_values.begin(), save_values.end());
      vs.tokens = save_tokens;
      i = chlen;
      break;
    }

    vs.emplace_back(std::move(chvs[0]));
    i += chlen;

    std::any val;
    if (rule_.action) {
      vs.sv_ = std::string_view(s, i);
      val = rule_.action(vs, dt);
    } else if (!vs.empty()) {
      val = vs[0];
    }
    vs.clear();
    vs.emplace_back(std::move(val));
  }

  return i;
}

inline size_t Recovery::parse_core(const char *s, size_t n,
                                   SemanticValues & /*vs*/, Context &c,
                                   std::any & /*dt*/) const {
  const auto &rule = dynamic_cast<Reference &>(*ope_);

  // Custom error message
  if (c.log) {
    auto label = dynamic_cast<Reference *>(rule.args_[0].get());
    if (label && !label->rule_->error_message.empty()) {
      c.error_info.message_pos = s;
      c.error_info.message = label->rule_->error_message;
      c.error_info.label = label->rule_->name;
    }
  }

  // Recovery
  auto len = static_cast<size_t>(-1);
  {
    auto save_log = c.log;
    c.log = nullptr;
    auto se = scope_exit([&]() { c.log = save_log; });

    SemanticValues dummy_vs;
    std::any dummy_dt;

    len = rule.parse(s, n, dummy_vs, c, dummy_dt);
  }

  if (success(len)) {
    c.recovered = true;

    if (c.log) {
      c.error_info.output_log(c.log, c.s, c.l);
      c.error_info.clear();
    }
  }

  // Cut
  if (!c.cut_stack.empty()) {
    c.cut_stack.back() = true;

    if (c.cut_stack.size() == 1) {
      // TODO: Remove unneeded entries in packrat memoise table
    }
  }

  return len;
}

inline void Sequence::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void PrioritizedChoice::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void Repetition::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void AndPredicate::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void NotPredicate::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void Dictionary::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void LiteralString::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void CharacterClass::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void Character::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void AnyCharacter::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void CaptureScope::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void Capture::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void TokenBoundary::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void Ignore::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void User::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void WeakHolder::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void Holder::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void Reference::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void Whitespace::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void BackReference::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void PrecedenceClimbing::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void Recovery::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }
inline void Cut::accept(Visitor &v) { v.visit(*this); }

inline void AssignIDToDefinition::visit(Holder &ope) {
  auto p = static_cast<void *>(ope.outer_);
  if (ids.count(p)) { return; }
  auto id = ids.size();
  ids[p] = id;
  ope.outer_->id = id;
  ope.ope_->accept(*this);
}

inline void AssignIDToDefinition::visit(Reference &ope) {
  if (ope.rule_) {
    for (auto arg : ope.args_) {
      arg->accept(*this);
    }
    ope.rule_->accept(*this);
  }
}

inline void AssignIDToDefinition::visit(PrecedenceClimbing &ope) {
  ope.atom_->accept(*this);
  ope.binop_->accept(*this);
}

inline void TokenChecker::visit(Reference &ope) {
  if (ope.is_macro_) {
    for (auto arg : ope.args_) {
      arg->accept(*this);
    }
  } else {
    has_rule_ = true;
  }
}

inline void FindLiteralToken::visit(Reference &ope) {
  if (ope.is_macro_) {
    ope.rule_->accept(*this);
    for (auto arg : ope.args_) {
      arg->accept(*this);
    }
  }
}

inline void DetectLeftRecursion::visit(Reference &ope) {
  if (ope.name_ == name_) {
    error_s = ope.s_;
  } else if (!refs_.count(ope.name_)) {
    refs_.insert(ope.name_);
    if (ope.rule_) {
      ope.rule_->accept(*this);
      if (done_ == false) { return; }
    }
  }
  done_ = true;
}

inline void HasEmptyElement::visit(Sequence &ope) {
  auto save_is_empty = false;
  const char *save_error_s = nullptr;
  std::string save_error_name;

  auto it = ope.opes_.begin();
  while (it != ope.opes_.end()) {
    (*it)->accept(*this);
    if (!is_empty) {
      ++it;
      while (it != ope.opes_.end()) {
        DetectInfiniteLoop vis(refs_, has_error_cache_);
        (*it)->accept(vis);
        if (vis.has_error) {
          is_empty = true;
          error_s = vis.error_s;
          error_name = vis.error_name;
        }
        ++it;
      }
      return;
    }

    save_is_empty = is_empty;
    save_error_s = error_s;
    save_error_name = error_name;

    is_empty = false;
    error_name.clear();
    ++it;
  }

  is_empty = save_is_empty;
  error_s = save_error_s;
  error_name = save_error_name;
}

inline void HasEmptyElement::visit(Reference &ope) {
  auto it = std::find_if(refs_.begin(), refs_.end(),
                         [&](const std::pair<const char *, std::string> &ref) {
                           return ope.name_ == ref.second;
                         });
  if (it != refs_.end()) { return; }

  if (ope.rule_) {
    refs_.emplace_back(ope.s_, ope.name_);
    ope.rule_->accept(*this);
    refs_.pop_back();
  }
}

inline void DetectInfiniteLoop::visit(Reference &ope) {
  auto it = std::find_if(refs_.begin(), refs_.end(),
                         [&](const std::pair<const char *, std::string> &ref) {
                           return ope.name_ == ref.second;
                         });
  if (it != refs_.end()) { return; }

  if (ope.rule_) {
    auto it = has_error_cache_.find(ope.name_);
    if (it != has_error_cache_.end()) {
      has_error = it->second;
    } else {
      refs_.emplace_back(ope.s_, ope.name_);
      ope.rule_->accept(*this);
      refs_.pop_back();
      has_error_cache_[ope.name_] = has_error;
    }
  }

  if (ope.is_macro_) {
    for (auto arg : ope.args_) {
      arg->accept(*this);
    }
  }
}

inline void ReferenceChecker::visit(Reference &ope) {
  auto it = std::find(params_.begin(), params_.end(), ope.name_);
  if (it != params_.end()) { return; }

  if (!grammar_.count(ope.name_)) {
    error_s[ope.name_] = ope.s_;
    error_message[ope.name_] = "'" + ope.name_ + "' is not defined.";
  } else {
    if (!referenced.count(ope.name_)) { referenced.insert(ope.name_); }
    const auto &rule = grammar_.at(ope.name_);
    if (rule.is_macro) {
      if (!ope.is_macro_ || ope.args_.size() != rule.params.size()) {
        error_s[ope.name_] = ope.s_;
        error_message[ope.name_] = "incorrect number of arguments.";
      }
    } else if (ope.is_macro_) {
      error_s[ope.name_] = ope.s_;
      error_message[ope.name_] = "'" + ope.name_ + "' is not macro.";
    }
    for (auto arg : ope.args_) {
      arg->accept(*this);
    }
  }
}

inline void LinkReferences::visit(Reference &ope) {
  // Check if the reference is a macro parameter
  auto found_param = false;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < params_.size(); i++) {
    const auto &param = params_[i];
    if (param == ope.name_) {
      ope.iarg_ = i;
      found_param = true;
      break;
    }
  }

  // Check if the reference is a definition rule
  if (!found_param && grammar_.count(ope.name_)) {
    auto &rule = grammar_.at(ope.name_);
    ope.rule_ = &rule;
  }

  for (auto arg : ope.args_) {
    arg->accept(*this);
  }
}

inline void FindReference::visit(Reference &ope) {
  for (size_t i = 0; i < args_.size(); i++) {
    const auto &name = params_[i];
    if (name == ope.name_) {
      found_ope = args_[i];
      return;
    }
  }
  found_ope = ope.shared_from_this();
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *  PEG parser generator
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

using Rules = std::unordered_map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<Ope>>;

class ParserGenerator {
public:
  static std::shared_ptr<Grammar> parse(const char *s, size_t n,
                                        const Rules &rules, std::string &start,
                                        bool &enablePackratParsing, Log log) {
    return get_instance().perform_core(s, n, rules, start, enablePackratParsing,
                                       log);
  }

  static std::shared_ptr<Grammar> parse(const char *s, size_t n,
                                        std::string &start,
                                        bool &enablePackratParsing, Log log) {
    Rules dummy;
    return parse(s, n, dummy, start, enablePackratParsing, log);
  }

  // For debuging purpose
  static Grammar &grammar() { return get_instance().g; }

private:
  static ParserGenerator &get_instance() {
    static ParserGenerator instance;
    return instance;
  }

  ParserGenerator() {
    make_grammar();
    setup_actions();
  }

  struct Instruction {
    std::string type;
    std::any data;
    std::string_view sv;
  };

  struct Data {
    std::shared_ptr<Grammar> grammar;
    std::string start;
    const char *start_pos = nullptr;

    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const char *>> duplicates_of_definition;

    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const char *>> duplicates_of_instruction;
    std::map<std::string, std::vector<Instruction>> instructions;

    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const char *>> undefined_back_references;
    std::vector<std::set<std::string_view>> captures_stack{{}};

    std::set<std::string_view> captures_in_current_definition;
    bool enablePackratParsing = true;

    Data() : grammar(std::make_shared<Grammar>()) {}
  };

  void make_grammar() {
    // Setup PEG syntax parser
    g["Grammar"] <= seq(g["Spacing"], oom(g["Definition"]), g["EndOfFile"]);
    g["Definition"] <=
        cho(seq(g["Ignore"], g["IdentCont"], g["Parameters"], g["LEFTARROW"],
                g["Expression"], opt(g["Instruction"])),
            seq(g["Ignore"], g["Identifier"], g["LEFTARROW"], g["Expression"],
                opt(g["Instruction"])));
    g["Expression"] <= seq(g["Sequence"], zom(seq(g["SLASH"], g["Sequence"])));
    g["Sequence"] <= zom(cho(g["CUT"], g["Prefix"]));
    g["Prefix"] <= seq(opt(cho(g["AND"], g["NOT"])), g["SuffixWithLabel"]);
    g["SuffixWithLabel"] <=
        seq(g["Suffix"], opt(seq(g["LABEL"], g["Identifier"])));
    g["Suffix"] <= seq(g["Primary"], opt(g["Loop"]));
    g["Loop"] <= cho(g["QUESTION"], g["STAR"], g["PLUS"], g["Repetition"]);
    g["Primary"] <=
        cho(seq(g["Ignore"], g["IdentCont"], g["Arguments"],
                npd(g["LEFTARROW"])),
            seq(g["Ignore"], g["Identifier"],
                npd(seq(opt(g["Parameters"]), g["LEFTARROW"]))),
            seq(g["OPEN"], g["Expression"], g["CLOSE"]),
            seq(g["BeginTok"], g["Expression"], g["EndTok"]), g["CapScope"],
            seq(g["BeginCap"], g["Expression"], g["EndCap"]), g["BackRef"],
            g["LiteralI"], g["Dictionary"], g["Literal"], g["NegatedClassI"],
            g["NegatedClass"], g["ClassI"], g["Class"], g["DOT"]);

    g["Identifier"] <= seq(g["IdentCont"], g["Spacing"]);
    g["IdentCont"] <= seq(g["IdentStart"], zom(g["IdentRest"]));

    const static std::vector<std::pair<char32_t, char32_t>> range = {
        {0x0080, 0xFFFF}};
    g["IdentStart"] <= seq(npd(lit(u8(u8"↑"))), npd(lit(u8(u8"⇑"))),
                           cho(cls("a-zA-Z_%"), cls(range)));

    g["IdentRest"] <= cho(g["IdentStart"], cls("0-9"));

    g["Dictionary"] <= seq(g["LiteralD"], oom(seq(g["PIPE"], g["LiteralD"])));

    auto lit_ope = cho(seq(cls("'"), tok(zom(seq(npd(cls("'")), g["Char"]))),
                           cls("'"), g["Spacing"]),
                       seq(cls("\""), tok(zom(seq(npd(cls("\"")), g["Char"]))),
                           cls("\""), g["Spacing"]));
    g["Literal"] <= lit_ope;
    g["LiteralD"] <= lit_ope;

    g["LiteralI"] <=
        cho(seq(cls("'"), tok(zom(seq(npd(cls("'")), g["Char"]))), lit("'i"),
                g["Spacing"]),
            seq(cls("\""), tok(zom(seq(npd(cls("\"")), g["Char"]))), lit("\"i"),
                g["Spacing"]));

    // NOTE: The original Brian Ford's paper uses 'zom' instead of 'oom'.
    g["Class"] <= seq(chr('['), npd(chr('^')),
                      tok(oom(seq(npd(chr(']')), g["Range"]))), chr(']'),
                      g["Spacing"]);
    g["ClassI"] <= seq(chr('['), npd(chr('^')),
                       tok(oom(seq(npd(chr(']')), g["Range"]))), lit("]i"),
                       g["Spacing"]);

    g["NegatedClass"] <= seq(lit("[^"),
                             tok(oom(seq(npd(chr(']')), g["Range"]))), chr(']'),
                             g["Spacing"]);
    g["NegatedClassI"] <= seq(lit("[^"),
                              tok(oom(seq(npd(chr(']')), g["Range"]))),
                              lit("]i"), g["Spacing"]);

    // NOTE: This is different from The original Brian Ford's paper, and this
    // modification allows us to specify `[+-]` as a valid char class.
    g["Range"] <=
        cho(seq(g["Char"], chr('-'), npd(chr(']')), g["Char"]), g["Char"]);

    g["Char"] <=
        cho(seq(chr('\\'), cls("fnrtv'\"[]\\^")),
            seq(chr('\\'), cls("0-3"), cls("0-7"), cls("0-7")),
            seq(chr('\\'), cls("0-7"), opt(cls("0-7"))),
            seq(lit("\\x"), cls("0-9a-fA-F"), opt(cls("0-9a-fA-F"))),
            seq(lit("\\u"),
                cho(seq(cho(seq(chr('0'), cls("0-9a-fA-F")), lit("10")),
                        rep(cls("0-9a-fA-F"), 4, 4)),
                    rep(cls("0-9a-fA-F"), 4, 5))),
            seq(npd(chr('\\')), dot()));

    g["Repetition"] <=
        seq(g["BeginBlacket"], g["RepetitionRange"], g["EndBlacket"]);
    g["RepetitionRange"] <= cho(seq(g["Number"], g["COMMA"], g["Number"]),
                                seq(g["Number"], g["COMMA"]), g["Number"],
                                seq(g["COMMA"], g["Number"]));
    g["Number"] <= seq(oom(cls("0-9")), g["Spacing"]);

    g["CapScope"] <= seq(g["BeginCapScope"], g["Expression"], g["EndCapScope"]);

    g["LEFTARROW"] <= seq(cho(lit("<-"), lit(u8(u8"←"))), g["Spacing"]);
    ~g["SLASH"] <= seq(chr('/'), g["Spacing"]);
    ~g["PIPE"] <= seq(chr('|'), g["Spacing"]);
    g["AND"] <= seq(chr('&'), g["Spacing"]);
    g["NOT"] <= seq(chr('!'), g["Spacing"]);
    g["QUESTION"] <= seq(chr('?'), g["Spacing"]);
    g["STAR"] <= seq(chr('*'), g["Spacing"]);
    g["PLUS"] <= seq(chr('+'), g["Spacing"]);
    ~g["OPEN"] <= seq(chr('('), g["Spacing"]);
    ~g["CLOSE"] <= seq(chr(')'), g["Spacing"]);
    g["DOT"] <= seq(chr('.'), g["Spacing"]);

    g["CUT"] <= seq(lit(u8(u8"↑")), g["Spacing"]);
    ~g["LABEL"] <= seq(cho(chr('^'), lit(u8(u8"⇑"))), g["Spacing"]);

    ~g["Spacing"] <= zom(cho(g["Space"], g["Comment"]));
    g["Comment"] <=
        seq(chr('#'), zom(seq(npd(g["EndOfLine"]), dot())), g["EndOfLine"]);
    g["Space"] <= cho(chr(' '), chr('\t'), g["EndOfLine"]);
    g["EndOfLine"] <= cho(lit("\r\n"), chr('\n'), chr('\r'));
    g["EndOfFile"] <= npd(dot());

    ~g["BeginTok"] <= seq(chr('<'), g["Spacing"]);
    ~g["EndTok"] <= seq(chr('>'), g["Spacing"]);

    ~g["BeginCapScope"] <= seq(chr('$'), chr('('), g["Spacing"]);
    ~g["EndCapScope"] <= seq(chr(')'), g["Spacing"]);

    g["BeginCap"] <= seq(chr('$'), tok(g["IdentCont"]), chr('<'), g["Spacing"]);
    ~g["EndCap"] <= seq(chr('>'), g["Spacing"]);

    g["BackRef"] <= seq(chr('$'), tok(g["IdentCont"]), g["Spacing"]);

    g["IGNORE"] <= chr('~');

    g["Ignore"] <= opt(g["IGNORE"]);
    g["Parameters"] <= seq(g["OPEN"], g["Identifier"],
                           zom(seq(g["COMMA"], g["Identifier"])), g["CLOSE"]);
    g["Arguments"] <= seq(g["OPEN"], g["Expression"],
                          zom(seq(g["COMMA"], g["Expression"])), g["CLOSE"]);
    ~g["COMMA"] <= seq(chr(','), g["Spacing"]);

    // Instruction grammars
    g["Instruction"] <=
        seq(g["BeginBlacket"],
            opt(seq(g["InstructionItem"], zom(seq(g["InstructionItemSeparator"],
                                                  g["InstructionItem"])))),
            g["EndBlacket"]);
    g["InstructionItem"] <=
        cho(g["PrecedenceClimbing"], g["ErrorMessage"], g["NoAstOpt"]);
    ~g["InstructionItemSeparator"] <= seq(chr(';'), g["Spacing"]);

    ~g["SpacesZom"] <= zom(g["Space"]);
    ~g["SpacesOom"] <= oom(g["Space"]);
    ~g["BeginBlacket"] <= seq(chr('{'), g["Spacing"]);
    ~g["EndBlacket"] <= seq(chr('}'), g["Spacing"]);

    // PrecedenceClimbing instruction
    g["PrecedenceClimbing"] <=
        seq(lit("precedence"), g["SpacesOom"], g["PrecedenceInfo"],
            zom(seq(g["SpacesOom"], g["PrecedenceInfo"])), g["SpacesZom"]);
    g["PrecedenceInfo"] <=
        seq(g["PrecedenceAssoc"],
            oom(seq(ign(g["SpacesOom"]), g["PrecedenceOpe"])));
    g["PrecedenceOpe"] <=
        cho(seq(cls("'"),
                tok(zom(seq(npd(cho(g["Space"], cls("'"))), g["Char"]))),
                cls("'")),
            seq(cls("\""),
                tok(zom(seq(npd(cho(g["Space"], cls("\""))), g["Char"]))),
                cls("\"")),
            tok(oom(seq(npd(cho(g["PrecedenceAssoc"], g["Space"], chr('}'))),
                        dot()))));
    g["PrecedenceAssoc"] <= cls("LR");

    // Error message instruction
    g["ErrorMessage"] <= seq(lit("error_message"), g["SpacesOom"],
                             g["LiteralD"], g["SpacesZom"]);

    // No Ast node optimazation instruction
    g["NoAstOpt"] <= seq(lit("no_ast_opt"), g["SpacesZom"]);

    // Set definition names
    for (auto &x : g) {
      x.second.name = x.first;
    }
  }

  void setup_actions() {
    g["Definition"] = [&](const SemanticValues &vs, std::any &dt) {
      auto &data = *std::any_cast<Data *>(dt);

      auto is_macro = vs.choice() == 0;
      auto ignore = std::any_cast<bool>(vs[0]);
      auto name = std::any_cast<std::string>(vs[1]);

      std::vector<std::string> params;
      std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope;
      auto has_instructions = false;

      if (is_macro) {
        params = std::any_cast<std::vector<std::string>>(vs[2]);
        ope = std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[4]);
        if (vs.size() == 6) { has_instructions = true; }
      } else {
        ope = std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[3]);
        if (vs.size() == 5) { has_instructions = true; }
      }

      if (has_instructions) {
        auto index = is_macro ? 5 : 4;
        std::unordered_set<std::string> types;
        for (const auto &instruction :
             std::any_cast<std::vector<Instruction>>(vs[index])) {
          const auto &type = instruction.type;
          if (types.find(type) == types.end()) {
            data.instructions[name].push_back(instruction);
            types.insert(instruction.type);
            if (type == "declare_symbol" || type == "check_symbol") {
              if (!TokenChecker::is_token(*ope)) { ope = tok(ope); }
            }
          } else {
            data.duplicates_of_instruction.emplace_back(type,
                                                        instruction.sv.data());
          }
        }
      }

      auto &grammar = *data.grammar;
      if (!grammar.count(name)) {
        auto &rule = grammar[name];
        rule <= ope;
        rule.name = name;
        rule.s_ = vs.sv().data();
        rule.line_ = line_info(vs.ss, rule.s_);
        rule.ignoreSemanticValue = ignore;
        rule.is_macro = is_macro;
        rule.params = params;

        if (data.start.empty()) {
          data.start = rule.name;
          data.start_pos = rule.s_;
        }
      } else {
        data.duplicates_of_definition.emplace_back(name, vs.sv().data());
      }
    };

    g["Definition"].enter = [](const Context & /*c*/, const char * /*s*/,
                               size_t /*n*/, std::any &dt) {
      auto &data = *std::any_cast<Data *>(dt);
      data.captures_in_current_definition.clear();
    };

    g["Expression"] = [&](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      if (vs.size() == 1) {
        return std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[0]);
      } else {
        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> opes;
        for (auto i = 0u; i < vs.size(); i++) {
          opes.emplace_back(std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[i]));
        }
        const std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope =
            std::make_shared<PrioritizedChoice>(opes);
        return ope;
      }
    };

    g["Sequence"] = [&](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      if (vs.empty()) {
        return npd(lit(""));
      } else if (vs.size() == 1) {
        return std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[0]);
      } else {
        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> opes;
        for (const auto &x : vs) {
          opes.emplace_back(std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(x));
        }
        const std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope = std::make_shared<Sequence>(opes);
        return ope;
      }
    };

    g["Prefix"] = [&](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      std::shared_ptr<Ope> ope;
      if (vs.size() == 1) {
        ope = std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[0]);
      } else {
        assert(vs.size() == 2);
        auto tok = std::any_cast<char>(vs[0]);
        ope = std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[1]);
        if (tok == '&') {
          ope = apd(ope);
        } else { // '!'
          ope = npd(ope);
        }
      }
      return ope;
    };

    g["SuffixWithLabel"] = [&](const SemanticValues &vs, std::any &dt) {
      auto ope = std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[0]);
      if (vs.size() == 1) {
        return ope;
      } else {
        assert(vs.size() == 2);
        auto &data = *std::any_cast<Data *>(dt);
        const auto &ident = std::any_cast<std::string>(vs[1]);
        auto label = ref(*data.grammar, ident, vs.sv().data(), false, {});
        auto recovery = rec(ref(*data.grammar, RECOVER_DEFINITION_NAME,
                                vs.sv().data(), true, {label}));
        return cho4label_(ope, recovery);
      }
    };

    struct Loop {
      enum class Type { opt = 0, zom, oom, rep };
      Type type;
      std::pair<size_t, size_t> range;
    };

    g["Suffix"] = [&](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      auto ope = std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[0]);
      if (vs.size() == 1) {
        return ope;
      } else {
        assert(vs.size() == 2);
        auto loop = std::any_cast<Loop>(vs[1]);
        switch (loop.type) {
        case Loop::Type::opt: return opt(ope);
        case Loop::Type::zom: return zom(ope);
        case Loop::Type::oom: return oom(ope);
        default: // Regex-like repetition
          return rep(ope, loop.range.first, loop.range.second);
        }
      }
    };

    g["Loop"] = [&](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      switch (vs.choice()) {
      case 0: // Option
        return Loop{Loop::Type::opt, std::pair<size_t, size_t>()};
      case 1: // Zero or More
        return Loop{Loop::Type::zom, std::pair<size_t, size_t>()};
      case 2: // One or More
        return Loop{Loop::Type::oom, std::pair<size_t, size_t>()};
      default: // Regex-like repetition
        return Loop{Loop::Type::rep,
                    std::any_cast<std::pair<size_t, size_t>>(vs[0])};
      }
    };

    g["Primary"] = [&](const SemanticValues &vs, std::any &dt) {
      auto &data = *std::any_cast<Data *>(dt);

      switch (vs.choice()) {
      case 0:   // Macro Reference
      case 1: { // Reference
        auto is_macro = vs.choice() == 0;
        auto ignore = std::any_cast<bool>(vs[0]);
        const auto &ident = std::any_cast<std::string>(vs[1]);

        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>> args;
        if (is_macro) {
          args = std::any_cast<std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>>(vs[2]);
        }

        auto ope = ref(*data.grammar, ident, vs.sv().data(), is_macro, args);
        if (ident == RECOVER_DEFINITION_NAME) { ope = rec(ope); }

        if (ignore) {
          return ign(ope);
        } else {
          return ope;
        }
      }
      case 2: { // (Expression)
        return std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[0]);
      }
      case 3: { // TokenBoundary
        return tok(std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[0]));
      }
      case 4: { // CaptureScope
        return csc(std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[0]));
      }
      case 5: { // Capture
        const auto &name = std::any_cast<std::string_view>(vs[0]);
        auto ope = std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[1]);

        data.captures_stack.back().insert(name);
        data.captures_in_current_definition.insert(name);

        return cap(ope, [name](const char *a_s, size_t a_n, Context &c) {
          auto &cs = c.capture_scope_stack[c.capture_scope_stack_size - 1];
          cs[name] = std::string(a_s, a_n);
        });
      }
      default: {
        return std::any_cast<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>(vs[0]);
      }
      }
    };

    g["IdentCont"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      return std::string(vs.sv().data(), vs.sv().length());
    };

    g["Dictionary"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      auto items = vs.transform<std::string>();
      return dic(items);
    };

    g["Literal"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      const auto &tok = vs.tokens.front();
      return lit(resolve_escape_sequence(tok.data(), tok.size()));
    };
    g["LiteralI"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      const auto &tok = vs.tokens.front();
      return liti(resolve_escape_sequence(tok.data(), tok.size()));
    };
    g["LiteralD"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      auto &tok = vs.tokens.front();
      return resolve_escape_sequence(tok.data(), tok.size());
    };

    g["Class"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      auto ranges = vs.transform<std::pair<char32_t, char32_t>>();
      return cls(ranges);
    };
    g["ClassI"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      auto ranges = vs.transform<std::pair<char32_t, char32_t>>();
      return cls(ranges, true);
    };
    g["NegatedClass"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      auto ranges = vs.transform<std::pair<char32_t, char32_t>>();
      return ncls(ranges);
    };
    g["NegatedClassI"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      auto ranges = vs.transform<std::pair<char32_t, char32_t>>();
      return ncls(ranges, true);
    };
    g["Range"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      switch (vs.choice()) {
      case 0: {
        auto s1 = std::any_cast<std::string>(vs[0]);
        auto s2 = std::any_cast<std::string>(vs[1]);
        auto cp1 = decode_codepoint(s1.data(), s1.length());
        auto cp2 = decode_codepoint(s2.data(), s2.length());
        return std::pair(cp1, cp2);
      }
      case 1: {
        auto s = std::any_cast<std::string>(vs[0]);
        auto cp = decode_codepoint(s.data(), s.length());
        return std::pair(cp, cp);
      }
      }
      return std::pair<char32_t, char32_t>(0, 0);
    };
    g["Char"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      return resolve_escape_sequence(vs.sv().data(), vs.sv().length());
    };

    g["RepetitionRange"] = [&](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      switch (vs.choice()) {
      case 0: { // Number COMMA Number
        auto min = std::any_cast<size_t>(vs[0]);
        auto max = std::any_cast<size_t>(vs[1]);
        return std::pair(min, max);
      }
      case 1: // Number COMMA
        return std::pair(std::any_cast<size_t>(vs[0]),
                         std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max());
      case 2: { // Number
        auto n = std::any_cast<size_t>(vs[0]);
        return std::pair(n, n);
      }
      default: // COMMA Number
        return std::pair(std::numeric_limits<size_t>::min(),
                         std::any_cast<size_t>(vs[0]));
      }
    };
    g["Number"] = [&](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      return vs.token_to_number<size_t>();
    };

    g["CapScope"].enter = [](const Context & /*c*/, const char * /*s*/,
                             size_t /*n*/, std::any &dt) {
      auto &data = *std::any_cast<Data *>(dt);
      data.captures_stack.emplace_back();
    };
    g["CapScope"].leave = [](const Context & /*c*/, const char * /*s*/,
                             size_t /*n*/, size_t /*matchlen*/,
                             std::any & /*value*/, std::any &dt) {
      auto &data = *std::any_cast<Data *>(dt);
      data.captures_stack.pop_back();
    };

    g["AND"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) { return *vs.sv().data(); };
    g["NOT"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) { return *vs.sv().data(); };
    g["QUESTION"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) { return *vs.sv().data(); };
    g["STAR"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) { return *vs.sv().data(); };
    g["PLUS"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) { return *vs.sv().data(); };

    g["DOT"] = [](const SemanticValues & /*vs*/) { return dot(); };

    g["CUT"] = [](const SemanticValues & /*vs*/) { return cut(); };

    g["BeginCap"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) { return vs.token(); };

    g["BackRef"] = [&](const SemanticValues &vs, std::any &dt) {
      auto &data = *std::any_cast<Data *>(dt);

      // Undefined back reference check
      {
        auto found = false;
        auto it = data.captures_stack.rbegin();
        while (it != data.captures_stack.rend()) {
          if (it->find(vs.token()) != it->end()) {
            found = true;
            break;
          }
          ++it;
        }
        if (!found) {
          auto ptr = vs.token().data() - 1; // include '$' symbol
          data.undefined_back_references.emplace_back(vs.token(), ptr);
        }
      }

      // NOTE: Disable packrat parsing if a back reference is not defined in
      // captures in the current definition rule.
      if (data.captures_in_current_definition.find(vs.token()) ==
          data.captures_in_current_definition.end()) {
        data.enablePackratParsing = false;
      }

      return bkr(vs.token_to_string());
    };

    g["Ignore"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) { return vs.size() > 0; };

    g["Parameters"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      return vs.transform<std::string>();
    };

    g["Arguments"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      return vs.transform<std::shared_ptr<Ope>>();
    };

    g["PrecedenceClimbing"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      PrecedenceClimbing::BinOpeInfo binOpeInfo;
      size_t level = 1;
      for (auto v : vs) {
        auto tokens = std::any_cast<std::vector<std::string_view>>(v);
        auto assoc = tokens[0][0];
        for (size_t i = 1; i < tokens.size(); i++) {
          binOpeInfo[tokens[i]] = std::pair(level, assoc);
        }
        level++;
      }
      Instruction instruction;
      instruction.type = "precedence";
      instruction.data = binOpeInfo;
      instruction.sv = vs.sv();
      return instruction;
    };
    g["PrecedenceInfo"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      return vs.transform<std::string_view>();
    };
    g["PrecedenceOpe"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) { return vs.token(); };
    g["PrecedenceAssoc"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) { return vs.token(); };

    g["ErrorMessage"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      Instruction instruction;
      instruction.type = "error_message";
      instruction.data = std::any_cast<std::string>(vs[0]);
      instruction.sv = vs.sv();
      return instruction;
    };

    g["NoAstOpt"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      Instruction instruction;
      instruction.type = "no_ast_opt";
      instruction.sv = vs.sv();
      return instruction;
    };

    g["Instruction"] = [](const SemanticValues &vs) {
      return vs.transform<Instruction>();
    };
  }

  bool apply_precedence_instruction(Definition &rule,
                                    const PrecedenceClimbing::BinOpeInfo &info,
                                    const char *s, Log log) {
    try {
      auto &seq = dynamic_cast<Sequence &>(*rule.get_core_operator());
      auto atom = seq.opes_[0];
      auto &rep = dynamic_cast<Repetition &>(*seq.opes_[1]);
      auto &seq1 = dynamic_cast<Sequence &>(*rep.ope_);
      auto binop = seq1.opes_[0];
      auto atom1 = seq1.opes_[1];

      auto atom_name = dynamic_cast<Reference &>(*atom).name_;
      auto binop_name = dynamic_cast<Reference &>(*binop).name_;
      auto atom1_name = dynamic_cast<Reference &>(*atom1).name_;

      if (!rep.is_zom() || atom_name != atom1_name || atom_name == binop_name) {
        if (log) {
          auto line = line_info(s, rule.s_);
          log(line.first, line.second,
              "'precedence' instruction cannot be applied to '" + rule.name +
                  "'.",
              "");
        }
        return false;
      }

      rule.holder_->ope_ = pre(atom, binop, info, rule);
      rule.disable_action = true;
    } catch (...) {
      if (log) {
        auto line = line_info(s, rule.s_);
        log(line.first, line.second,
            "'precedence' instruction cannot be applied to '" + rule.name +
                "'.",
            "");
      }
      return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  std::shared_ptr<Grammar> perform_core(const char *s, size_t n,
                                        const Rules &rules, std::string &start,
                                        bool &enablePackratParsing, Log log) {
    Data data;
    auto &grammar = *data.grammar;

    // Built-in macros
    {
      // `%recover`
      {
        auto &rule = grammar[RECOVER_DEFINITION_NAME];
        rule <= ref(grammar, "x", "", false, {});
        rule.name = RECOVER_DEFINITION_NAME;
        rule.s_ = "[native]";
        rule.ignoreSemanticValue = true;
        rule.is_macro = true;
        rule.params = {"x"};
      }
    }

    std::any dt = &data;
    auto r = g["Grammar"].parse(s, n, dt, nullptr, log);

    if (!r.ret) {
      if (log) {
        if (r.error_info.message_pos) {
          auto line = line_info(s, r.error_info.message_pos);
          log(line.first, line.second, r.error_info.message,
              r.error_info.label);
        } else {
          auto line = line_info(s, r.error_info.error_pos);
          log(line.first, line.second, "syntax error", r.error_info.label);
        }
      }
      return nullptr;
    }

    // User provided rules
    for (auto [user_name, user_rule] : rules) {
      auto name = user_name;
      auto ignore = false;
      if (!name.empty() && name[0] == '~') {
        ignore = true;
        name.erase(0, 1);
      }
      if (!name.empty()) {
        auto &rule = grammar[name];
        rule <= user_rule;
        rule.name = name;
        rule.ignoreSemanticValue = ignore;
      }
    }

    // Check duplicated definitions
    auto ret = true;

    if (!data.duplicates_of_definition.empty()) {
      for (const auto &[name, ptr] : data.duplicates_of_definition) {
        if (log) {
          auto line = line_info(s, ptr);
          log(line.first, line.second,
              "The definition '" + name + "' is already defined.", "");
        }
      }
      ret = false;
    }

    // Check duplicated instructions
    if (!data.duplicates_of_instruction.empty()) {
      for (const auto &[type, ptr] : data.duplicates_of_instruction) {
        if (log) {
          auto line = line_info(s, ptr);
          log(line.first, line.second,
              "The instruction '" + type + "' is already defined.", "");
        }
      }
      ret = false;
    }

    // Check undefined back references
    if (!data.undefined_back_references.empty()) {
      for (const auto &[name, ptr] : data.undefined_back_references) {
        if (log) {
          auto line = line_info(s, ptr);
          log(line.first, line.second,
              "The back reference '" + name + "' is undefined.", "");
        }
      }
      ret = false;
    }

    // Set root definition
    auto &start_rule = grammar[data.start];

    // Check if the start rule has ignore operator
    {
      if (start_rule.ignoreSemanticValue) {
        if (log) {
          auto line = line_info(s, start_rule.s_);
          log(line.first, line.second,
              "Ignore operator cannot be applied to '" + start_rule.name + "'.",
              "");
        }
        ret = false;
      }
    }

    if (!ret) { return nullptr; }

    // Check missing definitions
    auto referenced = std::unordered_set<std::string>{
        WHITESPACE_DEFINITION_NAME,
        WORD_DEFINITION_NAME,
        RECOVER_DEFINITION_NAME,
        start_rule.name,
    };

    for (auto &[_, rule] : grammar) {
      ReferenceChecker vis(grammar, rule.params);
      rule.accept(vis);
      referenced.insert(vis.referenced.begin(), vis.referenced.end());
      for (const auto &[name, ptr] : vis.error_s) {
        if (log) {
          auto line = line_info(s, ptr);
          log(line.first, line.second, vis.error_message[name], "");
        }
        ret = false;
      }
    }

    for (auto &[name, rule] : grammar) {
      if (!referenced.count(name)) {
        if (log) {
          auto line = line_info(s, rule.s_);
          auto msg = "'" + name + "' is not referenced.";
          log(line.first, line.second, msg, "");
        }
      }
    }

    if (!ret) { return nullptr; }

    // Link references
    for (auto &x : grammar) {
      auto &rule = x.second;
      LinkReferences vis(grammar, rule.params);
      rule.accept(vis);
    }

    // Check left recursion
    ret = true;

    for (auto &[name, rule] : grammar) {
      DetectLeftRecursion vis(name);
      rule.accept(vis);
      if (vis.error_s) {
        if (log) {
          auto line = line_info(s, vis.error_s);
          log(line.first, line.second, "'" + name + "' is left recursive.", "");
        }
        ret = false;
      }
    }

    if (!ret) { return nullptr; }

    // Check infinite loop
    if (detect_infiniteLoop(data, start_rule, log, s)) { return nullptr; }

    // Automatic whitespace skipping
    if (grammar.count(WHITESPACE_DEFINITION_NAME)) {
      for (auto &x : grammar) {
        auto &rule = x.second;
        auto ope = rule.get_core_operator();
        if (IsLiteralToken::check(*ope)) { rule <= tok(ope); }
      }

      auto &rule = grammar[WHITESPACE_DEFINITION_NAME];
      start_rule.whitespaceOpe = wsp(rule.get_core_operator());

      if (detect_infiniteLoop(data, rule, log, s)) { return nullptr; }
    }

    // Word expression
    if (grammar.count(WORD_DEFINITION_NAME)) {
      auto &rule = grammar[WORD_DEFINITION_NAME];
      start_rule.wordOpe = rule.get_core_operator();

      if (detect_infiniteLoop(data, rule, log, s)) { return nullptr; }
    }

    // Apply instructions
    for (const auto &[name, instructions] : data.instructions) {
      auto &rule = grammar[name];

      for (const auto &instruction : instructions) {
        if (instruction.type == "precedence") {
          const auto &info =
              std::any_cast<PrecedenceClimbing::BinOpeInfo>(instruction.data);

          if (!apply_precedence_instruction(rule, info, s, log)) {
            return nullptr;
          }
        } else if (instruction.type == "error_message") {
          rule.error_message = std::any_cast<std::string>(instruction.data);
        } else if (instruction.type == "no_ast_opt") {
          rule.no_ast_opt = true;
        }
      }
    }

    // Set root definition
    start = data.start;
    enablePackratParsing = data.enablePackratParsing;

    return data.grammar;
  }

  bool detect_infiniteLoop(const Data &data, Definition &rule, const Log &log,
                           const char *s) const {
    std::vector<std::pair<const char *, std::string>> refs;
    std::unordered_map<std::string, bool> has_error_cache;
    DetectInfiniteLoop vis(data.start_pos, rule.name, refs, has_error_cache);
    rule.accept(vis);
    if (vis.has_error) {
      if (log) {
        auto line = line_info(s, vis.error_s);
        log(line.first, line.second,
            "infinite loop is detected in '" + vis.error_name + "'.", "");
      }
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

  Grammar g;
};

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *  AST
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

template <typename Annotation> struct AstBase : public Annotation {
  AstBase(const char *path, size_t line, size_t column, const char *name,
          const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<AstBase>> &nodes,
          size_t position = 0, size_t length = 0, size_t choice_count = 0,
          size_t choice = 0)
      : path(path ? path : ""), line(line), column(column), name(name),
        position(position), length(length), choice_count(choice_count),
        choice(choice), original_name(name),
        original_choice_count(choice_count), original_choice(choice),
        tag(str2tag(name)), original_tag(tag), is_token(false), nodes(nodes) {}

  AstBase(const char *path, size_t line, size_t column, const char *name,
          const std::string_view &token, size_t position = 0, size_t length = 0,
          size_t choice_count = 0, size_t choice = 0)
      : path(path ? path : ""), line(line), column(column), name(name),
        position(position), length(length), choice_count(choice_count),
        choice(choice), original_name(name),
        original_choice_count(choice_count), original_choice(choice),
        tag(str2tag(name)), original_tag(tag), is_token(true), token(token) {}

  AstBase(const AstBase &ast, const char *original_name, size_t position = 0,
          size_t length = 0, size_t original_choice_count = 0,
          size_t original_choice = 0)
      : path(ast.path), line(ast.line), column(ast.column), name(ast.name),
        position(position), length(length), choice_count(ast.choice_count),
        choice(ast.choice), original_name(original_name),
        original_choice_count(original_choice_count),
        original_choice(original_choice), tag(ast.tag),
        original_tag(str2tag(original_name)), is_token(ast.is_token),
        token(ast.token), nodes(ast.nodes), parent(ast.parent) {}

  const std::string path;
  const size_t line = 1;
  const size_t column = 1;

  const std::string name;
  size_t position;
  size_t length;
  const size_t choice_count;
  const size_t choice;
  const std::string original_name;
  const size_t original_choice_count;
  const size_t original_choice;
  const unsigned int tag;
  const unsigned int original_tag;

  const bool is_token;
  const std::string_view token;

  std::vector<std::shared_ptr<AstBase<Annotation>>> nodes;
  std::weak_ptr<AstBase<Annotation>> parent;

  std::string token_to_string() const {
    assert(is_token);
    return std::string(token);
  }

  template <typename T> T token_to_number() const {
    return token_to_number_<T>(token);
  }
};

template <typename T>
void ast_to_s_core(const std::shared_ptr<T> &ptr, std::string &s, int level,
                   std::function<std::string(const T &ast, int level)> fn) {
  const auto &ast = *ptr;
  for (auto i = 0; i < level; i++) {
    s += "  ";
  }
  auto name = ast.original_name;
  if (ast.original_choice_count > 0) {
    name += "/" + std::to_string(ast.original_choice);
  }
  if (ast.name != ast.original_name) { name += "[" + ast.name + "]"; }
  if (ast.is_token) {
    s += "- " + name + " (";
    s += ast.token;
    s += ")\n";
  } else {
    s += "+ " + name + "\n";
  }
  if (fn) { s += fn(ast, level + 1); }
  for (auto node : ast.nodes) {
    ast_to_s_core(node, s, level + 1, fn);
  }
}

template <typename T>
std::string
ast_to_s(const std::shared_ptr<T> &ptr,
         std::function<std::string(const T &ast, int level)> fn = nullptr) {
  std::string s;
  ast_to_s_core(ptr, s, 0, fn);
  return s;
}

struct AstOptimizer {
  AstOptimizer(bool mode, const std::vector<std::string> &rules = {})
      : mode_(mode), rules_(rules) {}

  template <typename T>
  std::shared_ptr<T> optimize(std::shared_ptr<T> original,
                              std::shared_ptr<T> parent = nullptr) {
    auto found =
        std::find(rules_.begin(), rules_.end(), original->name) != rules_.end();
    auto opt = mode_ ? !found : found;

    if (opt && original->nodes.size() == 1) {
      auto child = optimize(original->nodes[0], parent);
      auto ast = std::make_shared<T>(*child, original->name.data(),
                                     original->choice_count, original->position,
                                     original->length, original->choice);
      for (auto node : ast->nodes) {
        node->parent = ast;
      }
      return ast;
    }

    auto ast = std::make_shared<T>(*original);
    ast->parent = parent;
    ast->nodes.clear();
    for (auto node : original->nodes) {
      auto child = optimize(node, ast);
      ast->nodes.push_back(child);
    }
    return ast;
  }

private:
  const bool mode_;
  const std::vector<std::string> rules_;
};

struct EmptyType {};
using Ast = AstBase<EmptyType>;

template <typename T = Ast> void add_ast_action(Definition &rule) {
  rule.action = [&](const SemanticValues &vs) {
    auto line = vs.line_info();

    if (rule.is_token()) {
      return std::make_shared<T>(
          vs.path, line.first, line.second, rule.name.data(), vs.token(),
          std::distance(vs.ss, vs.sv().data()), vs.sv().length(),
          vs.choice_count(), vs.choice());
    }

    auto ast =
        std::make_shared<T>(vs.path, line.first, line.second, rule.name.data(),
                            vs.transform<std::shared_ptr<T>>(),
                            std::distance(vs.ss, vs.sv().data()),
                            vs.sv().length(), vs.choice_count(), vs.choice());

    for (auto node : ast->nodes) {
      node->parent = ast;
    }
    return ast;
  };
}

#define PEG_EXPAND(...) __VA_ARGS__
#define PEG_CONCAT(a, b) a##b
#define PEG_CONCAT2(a, b) PEG_CONCAT(a, b)

#define PEG_PICK(                                                              \
    a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9, a10, a11, a12, a13, a14, a15, a16, \
    a17, a18, a19, a20, a21, a22, a23, a24, a25, a26, a27, a28, a29, a30, a31, \
    a32, a33, a34, a35, a36, a37, a38, a39, a40, a41, a42, a43, a44, a45, a46, \
    a47, a48, a49, a50, a51, a52, a53, a54, a55, a56, a57, a58, a59, a60, a61, \
    a62, a63, a64, a65, a66, a67, a68, a69, a70, a71, a72, a73, a74, a75, a76, \
    a77, a78, a79, a80, a81, a82, a83, a84, a85, a86, a87, a88, a89, a90, a91, \
    a92, a93, a94, a95, a96, a97, a98, a99, a100, ...)                         \
  a100

#define PEG_COUNT(...)                                                         \
  PEG_EXPAND(PEG_PICK(                                                         \
      __VA_ARGS__, 100, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, 90, 89, 88, 87,    \
      86, 85, 84, 83, 82, 81, 80, 79, 78, 77, 76, 75, 74, 73, 72, 71, 70, 69,  \
      68, 67, 66, 65, 64, 63, 62, 61, 60, 59, 58, 57, 56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51,  \
      50, 49, 48, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33,  \
      32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15,  \
      14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0))

#define PEG_DEF_1(r)                                                           \
  peg::Definition r;                                                           \
  r.name = #r;                                                                 \
  peg::add_ast_action(r);

#define PEG_DEF_2(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_1(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_3(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_2(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_4(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_3(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_5(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_4(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_6(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_5(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_7(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_6(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_8(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_7(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_9(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_8(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_10(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_9(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_11(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_10(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_12(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_11(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_13(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_12(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_14(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_13(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_15(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_14(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_16(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_15(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_17(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_16(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_18(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_17(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_19(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_18(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_20(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_19(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_21(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_20(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_22(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_21(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_23(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_22(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_24(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_23(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_25(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_24(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_26(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_25(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_27(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_26(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_28(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_27(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_29(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_28(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_30(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_29(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_31(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_30(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_32(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_31(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_33(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_32(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_34(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_33(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_35(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_34(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_36(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_35(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_37(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_36(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_38(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_37(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_39(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_38(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_40(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_39(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_41(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_40(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_42(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_41(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_43(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_42(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_44(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_43(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_45(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_44(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_46(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_45(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_47(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_46(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_48(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_47(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_49(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_48(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_50(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_49(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_51(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_50(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_52(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_51(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_53(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_52(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_54(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_53(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_55(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_54(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_56(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_55(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_57(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_56(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_58(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_57(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_59(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_58(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_60(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_59(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_61(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_60(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_62(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_61(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_63(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_62(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_64(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_63(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_65(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_64(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_66(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_65(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_67(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_66(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_68(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_67(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_69(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_68(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_70(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_69(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_71(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_70(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_72(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_71(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_73(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_72(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_74(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_73(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_75(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_74(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_76(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_75(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_77(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_76(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_78(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_77(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_79(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_78(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_80(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_79(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_81(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_80(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_82(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_81(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_83(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_82(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_84(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_83(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_85(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_84(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_86(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_85(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_87(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_86(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_88(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_87(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_89(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_88(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_90(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_89(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_91(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_90(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_92(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_91(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_93(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_92(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_94(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_93(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_95(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_94(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_96(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_95(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_97(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_96(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_98(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_97(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_99(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_98(__VA_ARGS__))
#define PEG_DEF_100(r1, ...) PEG_EXPAND(PEG_DEF_1(r1) PEG_DEF_99(__VA_ARGS__))

#define AST_DEFINITIONS(...)                                                   \
  PEG_EXPAND(PEG_CONCAT2(PEG_DEF_, PEG_COUNT(__VA_ARGS__))(__VA_ARGS__))

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *  parser
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

class parser {
public:
  parser() = default;

  parser(const char *s, size_t n, const Rules &rules) {
    load_grammar(s, n, rules);
  }

  parser(const char *s, size_t n) : parser(s, n, Rules()) {}

  parser(std::string_view sv, const Rules &rules)
      : parser(sv.data(), sv.size(), rules) {}

  parser(std::string_view sv) : parser(sv.data(), sv.size(), Rules()) {}

#if defined(__cpp_lib_char8_t)
  parser(std::u8string_view sv, const Rules &rules)
      : parser(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(sv.data()), sv.size(), rules) {}

  parser(std::u8string_view sv)
      : parser(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(sv.data()), sv.size(), Rules()) {}
#endif

  operator bool() { return grammar_ != nullptr; }

  bool load_grammar(const char *s, size_t n, const Rules &rules) {
    grammar_ = ParserGenerator::parse(s, n, rules, start_,
                                      enablePackratParsing_, log_);
    return grammar_ != nullptr;
  }

  bool load_grammar(const char *s, size_t n) {
    return load_grammar(s, n, Rules());
  }

  bool load_grammar(std::string_view sv, const Rules &rules) {
    return load_grammar(sv.data(), sv.size(), rules);
  }

  bool load_grammar(std::string_view sv) {
    return load_grammar(sv.data(), sv.size());
  }

  bool parse_n(const char *s, size_t n, const char *path = nullptr) const {
    if (grammar_ != nullptr) {
      const auto &rule = (*grammar_)[start_];
      auto result = rule.parse(s, n, path, log_);
      return post_process(s, n, result);
    }
    return false;
  }

  bool parse_n(const char *s, size_t n, std::any &dt,
               const char *path = nullptr) const {
    if (grammar_ != nullptr) {
      const auto &rule = (*grammar_)[start_];
      auto result = rule.parse(s, n, dt, path, log_);
      return post_process(s, n, result);
    }
    return false;
  }

  template <typename T>
  bool parse_n(const char *s, size_t n, T &val,
               const char *path = nullptr) const {
    if (grammar_ != nullptr) {
      const auto &rule = (*grammar_)[start_];
      auto result = rule.parse_and_get_value(s, n, val, path, log_);
      return post_process(s, n, result);
    }
    return false;
  }

  template <typename T>
  bool parse_n(const char *s, size_t n, std::any &dt, T &val,
               const char *path = nullptr) const {
    if (grammar_ != nullptr) {
      const auto &rule = (*grammar_)[start_];
      return post_process(s, n,
                          rule.parse_and_get_value(s, n, dt, val, path, log_));
    }
    return false;
  }

  bool parse(std::string_view sv, const char *path = nullptr) const {
    return parse_n(sv.data(), sv.size(), path);
  }

  bool parse(std::string_view sv, std::any &dt,
             const char *path = nullptr) const {
    return parse_n(sv.data(), sv.size(), dt, path);
  }

  template <typename T>
  bool parse(std::string_view sv, T &val, const char *path = nullptr) const {
    return parse_n(sv.data(), sv.size(), val, path);
  }

  template <typename T>
  bool parse(std::string_view sv, std::any &dt, T &val,
             const char *path = nullptr) const {
    return parse_n(sv.data(), sv.size(), dt, val, path);
  }

#if defined(__cpp_lib_char8_t)
  bool parse(std::u8string_view sv, const char *path = nullptr) const {
    return parse_n(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(sv.data()), sv.size(), path);
  }

  bool parse(std::u8string_view sv, std::any &dt,
             const char *path = nullptr) const {
    return parse_n(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(sv.data()), sv.size(), dt,
                   path);
  }

  template <typename T>
  bool parse(std::u8string_view sv, T &val, const char *path = nullptr) const {
    return parse_n(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(sv.data()), sv.size(), val,
                   path);
  }

  template <typename T>
  bool parse(std::u8string_view sv, std::any &dt, T &val,
             const char *path = nullptr) const {
    return parse_n(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(sv.data()), sv.size(), dt,
                   val, path);
  }
#endif

  Definition &operator[](const char *s) { return (*grammar_)[s]; }

  const Definition &operator[](const char *s) const { return (*grammar_)[s]; }

  const Grammar &get_grammar() const { return *grammar_; }

  void disable_eoi_check() {
    if (grammar_ != nullptr) {
      auto &rule = (*grammar_)[start_];
      rule.eoi_check = false;
    }
  }

  void enable_packrat_parsing() {
    if (grammar_ != nullptr) {
      auto &rule = (*grammar_)[start_];
      rule.enablePackratParsing = enablePackratParsing_ && true;
    }
  }

  void enable_trace(TracerEnter tracer_enter, TracerLeave tracer_leave) {
    if (grammar_ != nullptr) {
      auto &rule = (*grammar_)[start_];
      rule.tracer_enter = tracer_enter;
      rule.tracer_leave = tracer_leave;
    }
  }

  void enable_trace(TracerEnter tracer_enter, TracerLeave tracer_leave,
                    TracerStartOrEnd tracer_start,
                    TracerStartOrEnd tracer_end) {
    if (grammar_ != nullptr) {
      auto &rule = (*grammar_)[start_];
      rule.tracer_enter = tracer_enter;
      rule.tracer_leave = tracer_leave;
      rule.tracer_start = tracer_start;
      rule.tracer_end = tracer_end;
    }
  }

  void set_verbose_trace(bool verbose_trace) {
    if (grammar_ != nullptr) {
      auto &rule = (*grammar_)[start_];
      rule.verbose_trace = verbose_trace;
    }
  }

  template <typename T = Ast> parser &enable_ast() {
    for (auto &[_, rule] : *grammar_) {
      if (!rule.action) { add_ast_action<T>(rule); }
    }
    return *this;
  }

  template <typename T>
  std::shared_ptr<T> optimize_ast(std::shared_ptr<T> ast,
                                  bool opt_mode = true) const {
    return AstOptimizer(opt_mode, get_no_ast_opt_rules()).optimize(ast);
  }

  void set_logger(Log log) { log_ = log; }

  void set_logger(
      std::function<void(size_t line, size_t col, const std::string &msg)>
          log) {
    log_ = [log](size_t line, size_t col, const std::string &msg,
                 const std::string & /*rule*/) { log(line, col, msg); };
  }

private:
  bool post_process(const char *s, size_t n, Definition::Result &r) const {
    if (log_ && !r.ret) { r.error_info.output_log(log_, s, n); }
    return r.ret && !r.recovered;
  }

  std::vector<std::string> get_no_ast_opt_rules() const {
    std::vector<std::string> rules;
    for (auto &[name, rule] : *grammar_) {
      if (rule.no_ast_opt) { rules.push_back(name); }
    }
    return rules;
  }

  std::shared_ptr<Grammar> grammar_;
  std::string start_;
  bool enablePackratParsing_ = false;
  Log log_;
};

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *  enable_tracing
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

inline void enable_tracing(parser &parser, std::ostream &os) {
  parser.enable_trace(
      [&](auto &ope, auto s, auto, auto &, auto &c, auto &, auto &trace_data) {
	auto prev_pos = std::any_cast<size_t>(trace_data);
        auto pos = static_cast<size_t>(s - c.s);
        auto backtrack = (pos < prev_pos ? "*" : "");
        std::string indent;
        auto level = c.trace_ids.size() - 1;
        while (level--) {
          indent += "│";
        }
        std::string name;
        {
          name = peg::TraceOpeName::get(const_cast<peg::Ope &>(ope));

          auto lit = dynamic_cast<const peg::LiteralString *>(&ope);
          if (lit) { name += " '" + peg::escape_characters(lit->lit_) + "'"; }
        }
        os << "E " << pos + 1 << backtrack << "\t" << indent << "┌" << name
           << " #" << c.trace_ids.back() << std::endl;
        trace_data = static_cast<size_t>(pos);
      },
      [&](auto &ope, auto s, auto, auto &sv, auto &c, auto &, auto len,
          auto &) {
        auto pos = static_cast<size_t>(s - c.s);
        if (len != static_cast<size_t>(-1)) { pos += len; }
        std::string indent;
        auto level = c.trace_ids.size() - 1;
        while (level--) {
          indent += "│";
        }
        auto ret = len != static_cast<size_t>(-1) ? "└o " : "└x ";
        auto name = peg::TraceOpeName::get(const_cast<peg::Ope &>(ope));
        std::stringstream choice;
        if (sv.choice_count() > 0) {
          choice << " " << sv.choice() << "/" << sv.choice_count();
        }
        std::string token;
        if (!sv.tokens.empty()) {
          token += ", token '";
          token += sv.tokens[0];
          token += "'";
        }
        std::string matched;
        if (peg::success(len) &&
            peg::TokenChecker::is_token(const_cast<peg::Ope &>(ope))) {
          matched = ", match '" + peg::escape_characters(s, len) + "'";
        }
        os << "L " << pos + 1 << "\t" << indent << ret << name << " #"
           << c.trace_ids.back() << choice.str() << token << matched
           << std::endl;
      },
      [&](auto &trace_data) { trace_data = static_cast<size_t>(0); },
      [&](auto &) {});
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *  enable_profiling
 *---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

inline void enable_profiling(parser &parser, std::ostream &os) {
  struct Stats {
    struct Item {
      std::string name;
      size_t success;
      size_t fail;
    };
    std::vector<Item> items;
    std::map<std::string, size_t> index;
    size_t total = 0;
    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point start;
  };

  parser.enable_trace(
      [&](auto &ope, auto, auto, auto &, auto &, auto &, std::any &trace_data) {
        if (auto holder = dynamic_cast<const peg::Holder *>(&ope)) {
          auto &stats = *std::any_cast<Stats *>(trace_data);

          auto &name = holder->name();
          if (stats.index.find(name) == stats.index.end()) {
            stats.index[name] = stats.index.size();
            stats.items.push_back({name, 0, 0});
          }
          stats.total++;
        }
      },
      [&](auto &ope, auto, auto, auto &, auto &, auto &, auto len,
          std::any &trace_data) {
        if (auto holder = dynamic_cast<const peg::Holder *>(&ope)) {
          auto &stats = *std::any_cast<Stats *>(trace_data);

          auto &name = holder->name();
          auto index = stats.index[name];
          auto &stat = stats.items[index];
          if (len != static_cast<size_t>(-1)) {
            stat.success++;
          } else {
            stat.fail++;
          }

          if (index == 0) {
            auto end = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
            auto nano = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
                            end - stats.start)
                            .count();
            auto sec = nano / 1000000.0;
            os << "duration: " << sec << "s (" << nano << "µs)" << std::endl
               << std::endl;

            char buff[BUFSIZ];
            size_t total_success = 0;
            size_t total_fail = 0;
            for (auto &[name, success, fail] : stats.items) {
              total_success += success;
              total_fail += fail;
            }

            os << "  id       total      %     success        fail  "
                  "definition"
               << std::endl;

            auto grand_total = total_success + total_fail;
            snprintf(buff, BUFSIZ, "%4s  %10zu  %5s  %10zu  %10zu  %s", "",
                     grand_total, "", total_success, total_fail,
                     "Total counters");
            os << buff << std::endl;

            snprintf(buff, BUFSIZ, "%4s  %10s  %5s  %10.2f  %10.2f  %s", "",
                     "", "", total_success * 100.0 / grand_total,
                     total_fail * 100.0 / grand_total, "% success/fail");
            os << buff << std::endl << std::endl;
            ;

            size_t id = 0;
            for (auto &[name, success, fail] : stats.items) {
              auto total = success + fail;
              auto ratio = total * 100.0 / stats.total;
              snprintf(buff, BUFSIZ, "%4zu  %10zu  %5.2f  %10zu  %10zu  %s",
                       id, total, ratio, success, fail, name.c_str());
              os << buff << std::endl;
              id++;
            }
          }
        }
      },
      [&](auto &trace_data) {
        auto stats = new Stats{};
        stats->start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
        trace_data = stats;
      },
      [&](auto &trace_data) {
        auto stats = std::any_cast<Stats *>(trace_data);
        delete stats;
      });
}
} // namespace peg