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634 lines
18 KiB
HTML
634 lines
18 KiB
HTML
<html>
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<body>
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<h1 align='right'><a name='ADVANCED'><img src="3.gif" align="right"
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hspace="10" width="100" height="100" alt="3"></a>More Mini-XML
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Programming Techniques</h1>
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<p>This chapter shows additional ways to use the Mini-XML
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library in your programs.</p>
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<h2><a name='LOAD_CALLBACKS'>Load Callbacks</a></h2>
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<p><a href='#LOAD_XML'>Chapter 2</a> introduced the <a
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href='#mxmlLoadFile'><tt>mxmlLoadFile()</tt></a> and <a
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href='#mxmlLoadString'><tt>mxmlLoadString()</tt></a> functions.
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The last argument to these functions is a callback function
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which is used to determine the value type of each data node in
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an XML document.</p>
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<p>Mini-XML defines several standard callbacks for simple
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XML data files:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><tt>MXML_INTEGER_CALLBACK</tt> - All data nodes
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contain whitespace-separated integers.</li>
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<li><tt>MXML_OPAQUE_CALLBACK</tt> - All data nodes
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contain opaque strings ("CDATA").</li>
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<li><tt>MXML_REAL_CALLBACK</tt> - All data nodes contain
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whitespace-separated floating-point numbers.</li>
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<li><tt>MXML_TEXT_CALLBACK</tt> - All data nodes contain
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whitespace-separated strings.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>You can provide your own callback functions for more complex
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XML documents. Your callback function will receive a pointer to
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the current element node and must return the value type of the
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immediate children for that element node: <tt>MXML_INTEGER</tt>,
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<tt>MXML_OPAQUE</tt>, <tt>MXML_REAL</tt>, or <tt>MXML_TEXT</tt>.
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The function is called <i>after</i> the element and its
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attributes have been read, so you can look at the element name,
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attributes, and attribute values to determine the proper value
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type to return.</p>
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<!-- NEED 2in -->
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<p>The following callback function looks for an attribute named
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"type" or the element name to determine the value type for its
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child nodes:</p>
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<pre>
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mxml_type_t
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type_cb(mxml_node_t *node)
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{
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const char *type;
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/*
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* You can lookup attributes and/or use the
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* element name, hierarchy, etc...
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*/
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type = mxmlElementGetAttr(node, "type");
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if (type == NULL)
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type = node->value.element.name;
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if (!strcmp(type, "integer"))
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return (MXML_INTEGER);
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else if (!strcmp(type, "opaque"))
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return (MXML_OPAQUE);
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else if (!strcmp(type, "real"))
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return (MXML_REAL);
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else
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return (MXML_TEXT);
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}
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</pre>
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<p>To use this callback function, simply use the name when you
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call any of the load functions:</p>
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<pre>
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FILE *fp;
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mxml_node_t *tree;
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fp = fopen("filename.xml", "r");
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tree = mxmlLoadFile(NULL, fp, <b>type_cb</b>);
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fclose(fp);
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</pre>
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<h2><a name='SAVE_CALLBACKS'>Save Callbacks</a></h2>
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<p><a href='#LOAD_XML'>Chapter 2</a> also introduced the <a
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href='#mxmlSaveFile'><tt>mxmlSaveFile()</tt></a>, <a
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href='#mxmlSaveString'><tt>mxmlSaveString()</tt></a>, and <a
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href='#mxmlSaveAllocString'><tt>mxmlSaveAllocString()</tt></a>
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functions. The last argument to these functions is a callback
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function which is used to automatically insert whitespace in an
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XML document.</p>
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<p>Your callback function will be called up to four times for
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each element node with a pointer to the node and a "where" value
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of <tt>MXML_WS_BEFORE_OPEN</tt>, <tt>MXML_WS_AFTER_OPEN</tt>,
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<tt>MXML_WS_BEFORE_CLOSE</tt>, or <tt>MXML_WS_AFTER_CLOSE</tt>.
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The callback function should return <tt>NULL</tt> if no
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whitespace should be added and the string to insert (spaces,
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tabs, carriage returns, and newlines) otherwise.</p>
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<p>The following whitespace callback can be used to add
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whitespace to XHTML output to make it more readable in a standard
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text editor:</p>
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<pre>
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const char *
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whitespace_cb(mxml_node_t *node,
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int where)
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{
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const char *name;
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/*
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* We can conditionally break to a new line
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* before or after any element. These are
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* just common HTML elements...
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*/
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name = node->value.element.name;
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if (!strcmp(name, "html") ||
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!strcmp(name, "head") ||
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!strcmp(name, "body") ||
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!strcmp(name, "pre") ||
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!strcmp(name, "p") ||
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!strcmp(name, "h1") ||
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!strcmp(name, "h2") ||
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!strcmp(name, "h3") ||
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!strcmp(name, "h4") ||
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!strcmp(name, "h5") ||
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!strcmp(name, "h6"))
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{
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/*
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* Newlines before open and after
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* close...
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*/
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if (where == MXML_WS_BEFORE_OPEN ||
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where == MXML_WS_AFTER_CLOSE)
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return ("\n");
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}
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else if (!strcmp(name, "dl") ||
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!strcmp(name, "ol") ||
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!strcmp(name, "ul"))
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{
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/*
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* Put a newline before and after list
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* elements...
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*/
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return ("\n");
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}
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else if (!strcmp(name, "dd") ||
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!strcmp(name, "dt") ||
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!strcmp(name, "li"))
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{
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/*
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* Put a tab before <li>'s, * <dd>'s,
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* and <dt>'s, and a newline after them...
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*/
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if (where == MXML_WS_BEFORE_OPEN)
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return ("\t");
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else if (where == MXML_WS_AFTER_CLOSE)
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return ("\n");
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}
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/*
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* Return NULL for no added whitespace...
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*/
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return (NULL);
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}
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</pre>
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<p>To use this callback function, simply use the name when you
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call any of the save functions:</p>
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<pre>
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FILE *fp;
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mxml_node_t *tree;
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fp = fopen("filename.xml", "w");
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mxmlSaveFile(tree, fp, <b>whitespace_cb</b>);
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fclose(fp);
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</pre>
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<!-- NEED 10 -->
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<h2>Custom Data Types</h2>
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<p>Mini-XML supports custom data types via global load and save
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callbacks. Only a single set of callbacks can be active at any
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time, however your callbacks can store additional information in
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order to support multiple custom data types as needed. The
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<tt>MXML_CUSTOM</tt> node type identifies custom data nodes.</p>
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<p>The load callback receives a pointer to the current data node
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and a string of opaque character data from the XML source with
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character entities converted to the corresponding UTF-8
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characters. For example, if we wanted to support a custom
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date/time type whose value is encoded as "yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ssZ"
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(ISO format), the load callback would look like the
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following:</p>
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<pre>
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typedef struct
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{
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unsigned year, /* Year */
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month, /* Month */
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day, /* Day */
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hour, /* Hour */
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minute, /* Minute */
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second; /* Second */
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time_t unix; /* UNIX time */
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} iso_date_time_t;
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int
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load_custom(mxml_node_t *node,
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const char *data)
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{
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iso_date_time_t *dt;
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struct tm tmdata;
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/*
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* Allocate data structure...
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*/
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dt = calloc(1, sizeof(iso_date_time_t));
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/*
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* Try reading 6 unsigned integers from the
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* data string...
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*/
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if (sscanf(data, "%u-%u-%uT%u:%u:%uZ",
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&(dt->year), &(dt->month),
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&(dt->day), &(dt->hour),
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&(dt->minute),
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&(dt->second)) != 6)
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{
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/*
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* Unable to read numbers, free the data
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* structure and return an error...
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*/
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free(dt);
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return (-1);
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}
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/*
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* Range check values...
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*/
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if (dt->month < 1 || dt->month > 12 ||
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dt->day < 1 || dt->day > 31 ||
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dt->hour < 0 || dt->hour > 23 ||
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dt->minute < 0 || dt->minute > 59 ||
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dt->second < 0 || dt->second > 59)
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{
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/*
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* Date information is out of range...
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*/
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free(dt);
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return (-1);
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}
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/*
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* Convert ISO time to UNIX time in
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* seconds...
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*/
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tmdata.tm_year = dt->year - 1900;
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tmdata.tm_mon = dt->month - 1;
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tmdata.tm_day = dt->day;
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tmdata.tm_hour = dt->hour;
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tmdata.tm_min = dt->minute;
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tmdata.tm_sec = dt->second;
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dt->unix = gmtime(&tmdata);
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/*
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* Assign custom node data and destroy
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* function pointers...
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*/
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node->value.custom.data = dt;
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node->value.custom.destroy = free;
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/*
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* Return with no errors...
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*/
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return (0);
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}
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</pre>
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<p>The function itself can return 0 on success or -1 if it is
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unable to decode the custom data or the data contains an error.
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Custom data nodes contain a <tt>void</tt> pointer to the
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allocated custom data for the node and a pointer to a destructor
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function which will free the custom data when the node is
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deleted.</p>
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<p>The save callback receives the node pointer and returns an
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allocated string containing the custom data value. The following
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save callback could be used for our ISO date/time type:</p>
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<pre>
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char *
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save_custom(mxml_node_t *node)
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{
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char data[255];
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iso_date_time_t *dt;
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dt = (iso_date_time_t *)node->custom.data;
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snprintf(data, sizeof(data),
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"%04u-%02u-%02uT%02u:%02u:%02uZ",
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dt->year, dt->month, dt->day,
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dt->hour, dt->minute, dt->second);
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return (strdup(data));
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}
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</pre>
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<p>You register the callback functions using the <a
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href='#mxmlSetCustomHandlers'><tt>mxmlSetCustomHandlers()</tt></a>
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function:</p>
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<pre>
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mxmlSetCustomHandlers(<b>load_custom</b>,
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<b>save_custom</b>);
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</pre>
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<!-- NEED 20 -->
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<h2>Changing Node Values</h2>
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<p>All of the examples so far have concentrated on creating and
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loading new XML data nodes. Many applications, however, need to
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manipulate or change the nodes during their operation, so
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Mini-XML provides functions to change node values safely and
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without leaking memory.</p>
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<p>Existing nodes can be changed using the <a
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href='#mxmlSetElement'><tt>mxmlSetElement()</tt></a>, <a
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href='#mxmlSetInteger'><tt>mxmlSetInteger()</tt></a>, <a
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href='#mxmlSetOpaque'><tt>mxmlSetOpaque()</tt></a>, <a
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href='#mxmlSetReal'><tt>mxmlSetReal()</tt></a>, <a
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href='#mxmlSetText'><tt>mxmlSetText()</tt></a>, and <a
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href='#mxmlSetTextf'><tt>mxmlSetTextf()</tt></a> functions. For
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example, use the following function call to change a text node
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to contain the text "new" with leading whitespace:</p>
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<pre>
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mxml_node_t *node;
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mxmlSetText(node, 1, "new");
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</pre>
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<h2>Formatted Text</h2>
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<p>The <a href='#mxmlNewTextf'><tt>mxmlNewTextf()</tt></a> and <a
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href='#mxmlSetTextf'><tt>mxmlSetTextf()</tt></a> functions create
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and change text nodes, respectively, using <tt>printf</tt>-style
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format strings and arguments. For example, use the following
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function call to create a new text node containing a constructed
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filename:</p>
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<pre>
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mxml_node_t</a> *node;
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node = mxmlNewTextf(node, 1, "%s/%s",
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path, filename);
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</pre>
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<h2>Indexing</h2>
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<p>Mini-XML provides functions for managing indices of nodes.
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The current implementation provides the same functionality as
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<a href='#mxmlFindElement'><tt>mxmlFindElement()</tt></a>.
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The advantage of using an index is that searching and
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enumeration of elements is significantly faster. The only
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disadvantage is that each index is a static snapshot of the XML
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document, so indices are not well suited to XML data that is
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updated more often than it is searched. The overhead of creating
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an index is approximately equal to walking the XML document
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tree. Nodes in the index are sorted by element name and
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attribute value.</p>
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<p>Indices are stored in <a
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href='#mxml_index_t'><tt>mxml_index_t</tt></a> structures. The
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<a href='#mxmlIndexNew'><tt>mxmlIndexNew()</tt></a> function
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creates a new index:</p>
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<pre>
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mxml_node_t *tree;
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mxml_index_t *ind;
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ind = mxmlIndexNew(tree, "element",
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"attribute");
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</pre>
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<p>The first argument is the XML node tree to index. Normally this
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will be a pointer to the <tt>?xml</tt> element.</p>
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<p>The second argument contains the element to index; passing
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<tt>NULL</tt> indexes all element nodes alphabetically.</p>
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<p>The third argument contains the attribute to index; passing
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<tt>NULL</tt> causes only the element name to be indexed.</p>
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<p>Once the index is created, the <a
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href='#mxmlIndexEnum'><tt>mxmlIndexEnum()</tt></a>, <a
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href='#mxmlIndexFind'><tt>mxmlIndexFind()</tt></a>, and <a
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href='#mxmlIndexReset'><tt>mxmlIndexReset()</tt></a> functions
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are used to access the nodes in the index. The <a
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href='#mxmlIndexReset'><tt>mxmlIndexReset()</tt></a> function
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resets the "current" node pointer in the index, allowing you to
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do new searches and enumerations on the same index. Typically
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you will call this function prior to your calls to <a
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href='#mxmlIndexEnum'><tt>mxmlIndexEnum()</tt></a> and <a
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href='#mxmlIndexFind'><tt>mxmlIndexFind()</tt></a>.</p>
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<p>The <a href='#mxmlIndexEnum'><tt>mxmlIndexEnum()</tt></a>
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function enumerates each of the nodes in the index and can be
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used in a loop as follows:</p>
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<pre>
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mxml_node_t *node;
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mxmlIndexReset(ind);
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while ((node = mxmlIndexEnum(ind)) != NULL)
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{
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// do something with node
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}
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</pre>
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<p>The <a href='#mxmlIndexFind'><tt>mxmlIndexFind()</tt></a>
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function locates the next occurrence of the named element and
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attribute value in the index. It can be used to find all
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matching elements in an index, as follows:</p>
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<pre>
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mxml_node_t *node;
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mxmlIndexReset(ind);
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while ((node = mxmlIndexFind(ind, "element",
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"attr-value"))
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!= NULL)
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{
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// do something with node
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}
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</pre>
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<p>The second and third arguments represent the element name and
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attribute value, respectively. A <tt>NULL</tt> pointer is used
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to return all elements or attributes in the index. Passing
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<tt>NULL</tt> for both the element name and attribute value
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is equivalent to calling <tt>mxmlIndexEnum</tt>.</p>
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<p>When you are done using the index, delete it using the
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<a href='#mxmlIndexDelete()'><tt>mxmlIndexDelete()</tt></a>
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function:</p>
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<pre>
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mxmlIndexDelete(ind);
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</pre>
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<h2>SAX (Stream) Loading of Documents</h2>
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<p>Mini-XML supports an implementation of the Simple API for XML
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(SAX) which allows you to load and process an XML document as a
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stream of nodes. Aside from allowing you to process XML documents of
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any size, the Mini-XML implementation also allows you to retain
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portions of the document in memory for later processing.</p>
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<p>The <a href='#mxmlSAXLoad'><tt>mxmlSAXLoadFd</tt></a>, <a
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href='#mxmlSAXLoadFile'><tt>mxmlSAXLoadFile</tt></a>, and <a
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href='#mxmlSAXLoadString'><tt>mxmlSAXLoadString</tt></a> functions
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provide the SAX loading APIs. Each function works like the
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corresponding <tt>mxmlLoad</tt> function but uses a callback to
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process each node as it is read.</p>
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<p>The callback function receives the node, an event code, and
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a user data pointer you supply:</p>
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<pre>
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void
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sax_cb(mxml_node_t *node,
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mxml_sax_event_t event,
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void *data)
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{
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... do something ...
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}
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</pre>
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<p>The event will be one of the following:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><tt>MXML_SAX_CDATA</tt> - CDATA was just read</li>
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<li><tt>MXML_SAX_COMMENT</tt> - A comment was just read</li>
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<li><tt>MXML_SAX_DATA</tt> - Data (custom, integer, opaque, real, or text) was just read</li>
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|
<li><tt>MXML_SAX_DIRECTIVE</tt> - A processing directive was just read</li>
|
|
|
|
<li><tt>MXML_SAX_ELEMENT_CLOSE</tt> - An open element was just read (<tt><element></tt>)</li>
|
|
|
|
<li><tt>MXML_SAX_ELEMENT_OPEN</tt> - A close element was just read (<tt></element></tt>)</li>
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>Elements are <em>released</em> after the close element is
|
|
processed. All other nodes are released after they are processed.
|
|
The SAX callback can <em>retain</em> the node using the <a
|
|
href='#mxmlRetain'><tt>mxmlRetain</tt></a> function. For example,
|
|
the following SAX callback will retain all nodes, effectively
|
|
simulating a normal in-memory load:</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
void
|
|
sax_cb(mxml_node_t *node,
|
|
mxml_sax_event_t event,
|
|
void *data)
|
|
{
|
|
if (event != MXML_SAX_ELEMENT_CLOSE)
|
|
mxmlRetain(node);
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>More typically the SAX callback will only retain a small portion
|
|
of the document that is needed for post-processing. For example, the
|
|
following SAX callback will retain the title and headings in an
|
|
XHTML file. It also retains the (parent) elements like <tt><html></tt>, <tt><head></tt>, and <tt><body></tt>, and processing
|
|
directives like <tt><?xml ... ?></tt> and <tt><!DOCTYPE ... ></tt>:</p>
|
|
|
|
<!-- NEED 10 -->
|
|
<pre>
|
|
void
|
|
sax_cb(mxml_node_t *node,
|
|
mxml_sax_event_t event,
|
|
void *data)
|
|
{
|
|
if (event == MXML_SAX_ELEMENT_OPEN)
|
|
{
|
|
/*
|
|
* Retain headings and titles...
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
char *name = node->value.element.name;
|
|
|
|
if (!strcmp(name, "html") ||
|
|
!strcmp(name, "head") ||
|
|
!strcmp(name, "title") ||
|
|
!strcmp(name, "body") ||
|
|
!strcmp(name, "h1") ||
|
|
!strcmp(name, "h2") ||
|
|
!strcmp(name, "h3") ||
|
|
!strcmp(name, "h4") ||
|
|
!strcmp(name, "h5") ||
|
|
!strcmp(name, "h6"))
|
|
mxmlRetain(node);
|
|
}
|
|
else if (event == MXML_SAX_DIRECTIVE)
|
|
mxmlRetain(node);
|
|
else if (event == MXML_SAX_DATA &&
|
|
node->parent->ref_count > 1)
|
|
{
|
|
/*
|
|
* If the parent was retained, then retain
|
|
* this data node as well.
|
|
*/
|
|
|
|
mxmlRetain(node);
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>The resulting skeleton document tree can then be searched just
|
|
like one loaded using the <tt>mxmlLoad</tt> functions. For example,
|
|
a filter that reads an XHTML document from stdin and then shows the
|
|
title and headings in the document would look like:</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
mxml_node_t *doc, *title, *body, *heading;
|
|
|
|
doc = mxmlSAXLoadFd(NULL, 0,
|
|
MXML_TEXT_CALLBACK,
|
|
<b>sax_cb</b>, NULL);
|
|
|
|
title = mxmlFindElement(doc, doc, "title",
|
|
NULL, NULL,
|
|
MXML_DESCEND);
|
|
|
|
if (title)
|
|
print_children(title);
|
|
|
|
body = mxmlFindElement(doc, doc, "body",
|
|
NULL, NULL,
|
|
MXML_DESCEND);
|
|
|
|
if (body)
|
|
{
|
|
for (heading = body->child;
|
|
heading;
|
|
heading = heading->next)
|
|
print_children(heading);
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|