606 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
606 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
<h1 align="center">
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<img src=".github/logo.png" alt="Quickemu" width="256" />
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<br />
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Quickemu
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</h1>
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<p align="center"><b>Quickly create and run optimised Windows, macOS and Linux desktop virtual machines.</b></p>
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<div align="center"><img src=".github/screenshot.png" alt="Quickemu Screenshot" /></div>
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<p align="center">Made with 💝 for <img src=".github/tux.png" align="top" width="18" /></p>
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# Introduction
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Quickly create and run highly optimised desktop virtual machines for Linux,
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macOS and Windows; with just two commands. You decide what operating system you
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want to run and Quickemu will figure out the best way to do it for you. For
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example:
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```bash
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quickget ubuntu-mate impish
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quickemu --vm ubuntu-mate-impish.conf
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```
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The original objective of the project was to enable quick testing of Linux
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distributions where the virtual machine configurations can be stored anywhere,
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such as external USB storage or your home directory, and no elevated permissions
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are required to run the virtual machines. **Quickemu now also includes
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comprehensive support for macOS and Windows**.
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## Features
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* **macOS** Monterey, Big Sur, Catalina, Mojave & High Sierra
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* **Windows** 8.1, 10 and 11 including TPM 2.0
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* [Ubuntu](https://ubuntu.com/desktop) and all the **[official Ubuntu flavours](https://ubuntu.com/download/flavours)**
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* [Fedora](https://getfedora.org/) & openSUSE ([Leap](https://get.opensuse.org/leap/), [Tumbleweed](https://get.opensuse.org/tumbleweed/), [MicroOS](https://microos.opensuse.org/))
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* [Linux Mint](https://linuxmint.com/) (Cinnamon, MATE, and XFCE), [elementary OS](https://elementary.io/), [Pop!_OS](https://pop.system76.com/)
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* [Arch Linux](https://www.archlinux.org/), [Kali](https://www.kali.org/) & [NixOS](https://nixos.org/)
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* [FreeBSD](https://www.freebsd.org/) & [OpenBSD](https://www.openbsd.org/)
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* Full SPICE support including host/guest clipboard sharing
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* VirtIO-webdavd file sharing for Linux and Windows guests
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* VirtIO-9p file sharing for Linux and macOS guests
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* [QEMU Guest Agent support](https://wiki.qemu.org/Features/GuestAgent); provides access to a system-level agent via standard QMP commands
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* Samba file sharing for Linux, macOS and Windows guests (*if `smbd` is installed on the host*)
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* VirGL acceleration
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* USB device pass-through
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* Smartcard pass-through
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* Automatic SSH port forwarding to guests
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* Network port forwarding
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* Full duplex audio
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* EFI (with or without SecureBoot) and Legacy BIOS boot
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* Graphical user interfaces available
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Quickemu is a wrapper for the excellent [QEMU](https://www.qemu.org/) that
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attempts to automatically *"do the right thing"*, rather than expose exhaustive
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configuration options.
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We have a Discord for this project: [](https://discord.gg/sNmz3uw)
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See this (old) video where I explain some of my motivations for creating Quickemu.
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[](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOTYWEgw0hI)
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## Requirements
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* [QEMU](https://www.qemu.org/) (*6.0.0 or newer*) **with GTK, SDL, SPICE & VirtFS support**
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* [bash](https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/) (*4.0 or newer*)
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* [Coreutils](https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/)
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* [EDK II](https://github.com/tianocore/edk2)
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* [grep](https://www.gnu.org/software/grep/)
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* [jq](https://stedolan.github.io/jq/)
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* [LSB](https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/lsb/start)
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* [procps](https://gitlab.com/procps-ng/procps)
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* [python3](https://www.python.org/)
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* [macrecovery](https://github.com/acidanthera/OpenCorePkg/tree/master/Utilities/macrecovery)
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* [mkisofs](http://cdrtools.sourceforge.net/private/cdrecord.html)
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* [usbutils](https://github.com/gregkh/usbutils)
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* [util-linux](https://github.com/karelzak/util-linux)
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* [sed](https://www.gnu.org/software/sed/)
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* [spicy](https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/spice/spice-gtk)
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* [swtpm](https://github.com/stefanberger/swtpm)
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* [Wget](https://www.gnu.org/software/wget/)
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* [xdg-user-dirs](https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/xdg-user-dirs/)
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* [xrandr](https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/xorg/app/xrandr)
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* [zsync](http://zsync.moria.org.uk/)
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# Install Quickemu
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## Ubuntu
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Quickemu is available from a PPA for Ubuntu users. The Quickemu PPA also
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includes a back port of QEMU 6.0.0 for 20.04 (Focal) and 21.04 (Hirsute). To
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install Quickemu and all the dependencies run the following in a terminal:
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```bash
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sudo apt-add-repository ppa:flexiondotorg/quickemu
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sudo apt update
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sudo apt install quickemu
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```
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## Other Linux
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```bash
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git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/wimpysworld/quickemu
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cd quickemu
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```
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Now install all the **Requirements** documented above.
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# Usage
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## Graphical User Interfaces
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While `quickemu` and `quickget` are designed for the terminal, a graphical user interfaces is also available:
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* [Quickgui](https://github.com/quickgui/quickgui) by [Mark Johnson](https://github.com/marxjohnson) and [Yannick Mauray](https://github.com/ymauray).
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### Quickgui for Ubuntu
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```bash
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sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannick-mauray/quickgui
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sudo apt update
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sudo apt install quickgui
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```
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## Ubuntu Guest
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`quickget` will automatically download an Ubuntu release and create the
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virtual machine configuration.
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```bash
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quickget ubuntu focal
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quickemu --vm ubuntu-focal.conf
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```
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* Complete the installation as normal.
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* Post-install:
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* Install the SPICE agent (`spice-vdagent`) to enable copy/paste and USB redirection
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* `sudo apt install spice-vdagent`
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* Install the SPICE WebDAV agent (`spice-webdavd`) to enable file sharing.
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* `sudo apt install spice-webdavd`
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### Ubuntu devel (daily-live) images
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`quickget` can also download/refresh devel images via `zsync` for Ubuntu
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developers and testers.
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```bash
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quickget ubuntu devel
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quickemu --vm ubuntu-devel.conf
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```
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You can run `quickget ubuntu devel` to refresh your daily development image as
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often as you like, it will even automatically switch to a new series.
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### Ubuntu Flavours
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All the official Ubuntu flavours are supported, just replace `ubuntu` with your
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preferred flavour.
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* `kubuntu`
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* `lubuntu`
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* `ubuntu-budgie`
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* `ubuntu-kylin`
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* `ubuntu-mate`
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* `ubuntu-studio`
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* `xubuntu`
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## Other Linux Guests
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`quickget` also supports:
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* `archlinux`
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* `elementary`
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* `fedora`
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* `kali`
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* `linuxmint-cinnamon`
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* `linuxmint-mate`
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* `linuxmint-xfce`
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* `opensuse`
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* `popos`
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* `nixos-gnome`
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* `nixos-plasma5`
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* `nixos-minimal`
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Or you can download a Linux image and manually create a VM configuration.
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* Download a .iso image of a Linux distribution
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* Create a VM configuration file; for example `debian-bullseye.conf`
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```bash
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guest_os="linux"
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disk_img="debian-bullseye/disk.qcow2"
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iso="debian-bullseye/firmware-11.0.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso"
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```
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* Use `quickemu` to start the virtual machine:
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```bash
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quickemu --vm debian-bullseye.conf
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```
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* Complete the installation as normal.
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* Post-install:
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* Install the SPICE agent (`spice-vdagent`) to enable copy/paste and USB redirection.
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* Install the SPICE WebDAV agent (`spice-webdavd`) to enable file sharing.
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## macOS Guest
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`quickget` automatically downloads a macOS recovery image and creates a virtual
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machine configuration.
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```bash
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quickget macos catalina
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quickemu --vm macos-catalina.conf
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```
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macOS `high-sierra`, `mojave`, `catalina`, `big-sur` and `monterey` are supported.
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* Use cursor keys and enter key to select the **macOS Base System**
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* From **macOS Utilities**
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* Click **Disk Utility** and **Continue**
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* On macOS Catalina, Big Sur & Monterey
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* Select `Apple Inc. VirtIO Block Media` from the list and click **Erase**.
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* On macOS Mojave and High Sierra
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* Select `QEMU HARDDISK Media` (~103.08GB) from the list and click **Erase**.
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* Enter a `Name:` for the disk and click **Erase**.
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* Click **Done**.
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* Close Disk Utility
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* From **macOS Utilities**
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* Click **Reinstall macOS** and **Continue**
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* Complete the installation as you normally would.
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* On the first reboot use cursor keys and enter key to select **macOS Installer**
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* On the subsequent reboots use cursor keys and enter key to select the disk you named
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The default macOS configuration looks like this:
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```bash
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guest_os="macos"
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img="macos-catalina/RecoveryImage.img"
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disk_img="macos-catalina/disk.qcow2"
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macos_release="catalina"
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```
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* `guest_os="macos"` instructs Quickemu to optimise for macOS.
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* `macos_release="catalina"` instructs Quickemu to optimise for a particular macOS release.
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* For example VirtIO Network and Memory Ballooning are available in Big Sur and newer, but not previous releases.
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* And VirtIO Block Media (disks) are supported/stable in Catalina and newer.
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### macOS compatibility
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There are some considerations when running macOS via Quickemu.
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* `quickemu` will automatically download the required [OpenCore](https://github.com/acidanthera/OpenCorePkg)
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bootloader and OVMF firmware from [OSX-KVM](https://github.com/kholia/OSX-KVM).
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* Supported macOS releases:
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* High Sierra
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* Mojave
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* Catalina **(Recommended)**
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* Big Sur
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* Monterey
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* Optimised by default
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* Host CPU vendor is detected and guest CPU is optimised accordingly.
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* [VirtIO Block Media](https://www.kraxel.org/blog/2019/06/macos-qemu-guest/) is used for the system disk where supported.
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* [VirtIO `usb-tablet`](http://philjordan.eu/osx-virt/) is used for the mouse.
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* VirtIO Network (`virtio-net`) is supported and enabled on macOS Big Sur and newer but previous releases use `vmxnet3`.
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* VirtIO Memory Ballooning is supported and enabled on macOS Big Sur and newer but disabled for other support macOS releases.
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* USB host pass-through is:
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* UHCI (USB 2.0) on macOS Catalina and earlier.
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* XHCI (USB 3.0) on macOS Big Sur and newer.
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* Display resolution can only be changed via macOS System Preferences.
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* Full Duplex audio works on macOS High Sierra, Mojave and Catalina.
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* **macOS Big Sur and Monterey have no audio at all**.
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* File sharing between guest and host is available via [virtio-9p](https://wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/9psetup).
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* **SPICE has limited support on macOS**:
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* Copy/paste via SPICE agent is not available.
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* File sharing via SPICE webdavd is not available.
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* USB pass-through via SPICE is not available.
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* Smartcard pass-through is not available.
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## Windows 8.1, 10 & 11 Guests
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`quickget` can automatically download Windows 8.1, [Windows 10](https://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/software-download/windows10ISO)
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and [Windows 11](https://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/software-download/windows11)
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along with the [VirtIO drivers for Windows](https://fedorapeople.org/groups/virt/virtio-win/direct-downloads/)
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and creates a virtual machine configuration.
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**During the Windows install network interfaces are completely disabled!** This
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is to allow those users who want to create local accounts to do so. A side affect
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is that the first time **Windows boots with the QEMU network enabled it will blue
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screen, automatically restart and then start normally with fully functioning
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networking**.
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```bash
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quickget windows 11
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quickemu --vm windows-11.conf
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```
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* Complete the installation as you normally would.
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* All relevant drivers and services should be installed automatically.
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### Regional versions
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By default `quickget` will download the *"English International"* release, but
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you can optionally specify one of the supported languages: For example:
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```bash
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quickget windows 11 "Chinese (Traditional)"
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```
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The default Windows 11 configuration looks like this:
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```bash
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guest_os="windows"
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disk_img="windows-11/disk.qcow2"
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iso="windows-11/Win11_EnglishInternational_x64.iso"
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fixed_iso="windows-11/virtio-win.iso"
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tpm="on"
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```
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* `guest_os="windows"` instructs `quickemu` to optimise for Windows.
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* `fixed_iso=` specifies the ISO image that provides VirtIO drivers.
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* `tpm="on"` instructs `quickemu` to create a software emulated TPM device using `swtpm`.
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## BSD Guests
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`quickemu` supports FreeBSD and OpenBSD.
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```bash
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quickget freebsd 13_0
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quickemu --vm freebsd-13_0.conf
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```
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# SPICE
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The following features are available while using the SPICE protocol:
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* Copy/paste between the guest and host
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* Host file sharing to the guest
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* USB device redirection
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To use SPICE add `--display spice` to the Quickemu invocation, this requires that
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the `spicy` client is installed, available from the `spice-client-gtk` package
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in Debian/Ubuntu.
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```bash
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quickemu --vm ubuntu-focal.conf --display spice
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```
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## Headless
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To start a VM with SPICE enabled, but no display attached use `--display none`.
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This requires that the `spicy` client is installed, available from the
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`spice-client-gtk` package in Debian/Ubuntu to connect to the running VM
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```bash
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quickemu --vm ubuntu-focal.conf --display none
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```
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You can also use the `.ports` file in the VM directory to lookup what SSH and
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SPICE ports the VM is connected to.
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```bash
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cat ubuntu-focal/ubuntu-focal.ports
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```
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# BIOS and EFI
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Since Quickemu 2.1.0 `efi` is the default boot option. If you want to override
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this behaviour then add the following line to you VM configuration to enable
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legacy BIOS.
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* `boot="legacy"` - Enable Legacy BIOS boot
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# Tuning CPU cores, RAM & disks
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By default, Quickemu will calculate the number of CPUs cores and RAM to allocate
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to a VM based on the specifications of your host computer. You can override this
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default behaviour and tune the VM configuration to your liking.
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Add additional lines to your virtual machine configuration:
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* `cpu_cores="4"` - Specify the number of CPU cores allocated to the VM
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* `ram="4G"` - Specify the amount of RAM to allocate to the VM
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* `disk_size="16G"` - Specify the size of the virtual disk allocated to the VM
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## Disk preallocation
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Preallocation mode (allowed values: `off` (default), `metadata`, `falloc`, `full`).
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An image with preallocated metadata is initially larger but can improve performance
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when the image needs to grow.
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Specify what disk preallocation should be used, if any, when creating the system
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disk image by adding a line like this to your VM configuration.
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* `preallocation="metadata"`
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## CD-ROM disks
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If you want to expose an ISO image from the host to guest add the following line
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to the VM configuration:
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* `fixed_iso="/path/to/image.iso"`
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## Floppy disks
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If you're like [Alan Pope](https://popey.com) you'll probably want to mount a
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floppy disk image in the guest. To do so add the following line to the VM
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configuration:
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* `floppy="/path/to/floppy.img"`
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# File Sharing
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All File Sharing options will only expose `~/Public` (or localised variations)
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for the current user to the guest VMs.
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## Samba 🐧 🍏 🪟
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If `smbd` is available on the host, Quickemu will automatically enable the
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built-in QEMU support for exposing a Samba share from the host to the guest.
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You can install the minimal Samba components on Ubuntu using:
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```bash
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sudo apt install --no-install-recommends samba
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```
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## SPICE WebDAV 🐧 🪟
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* TBD
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## VirtIO-9P 🐧 🍏
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* TBD
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# Network port forwarding
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Add an additional line to your virtual machine configuration. For example:
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* `port_forwards=("8123:8123" "8888:80")`
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In the example above:
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* Port 8123 on the host is forwarded to port 8123 on the guest.
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* Port 8888 on the host is forwarded to port 80 on the guest.
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# Bridged networking
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Connect your virtual machine to a preconfigured network bridge.
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Add an additional line to your virtual machine configuration
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* `bridge="br0"`
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# USB redirection
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Quickemu supports USB redirection via SPICE pass-through and host pass-through.
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## SPICE redirection (recommended)
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Using SPICE for USB pass-through is easiest as it doesn't require any elevated
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permission, start Quickemu with `--display spice` and then select `Input` ->
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`Select USB Device for redirection` from the menu to choose which device(s) you want
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to attach to the guest.
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## Host redirection
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**USB host redirection is not recommended**, it is provided purely for backwards
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compatibility to older versions of Quickemu. Using SPICE is preferred, see above.
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Add an additional line to your virtual machine configuration. For example:
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* `usb_devices=("046d:082d" "046d:085e")`
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In the example above:
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* The USB device with vendor_id 046d and product_id 082d will be exposed to the guest.
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* The USB device with vendor_id 046d and product_id 085e will be exposed to the guest.
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If the USB devices are not writable, `quickemu` will display the appropriate
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commands to modify the USB device(s) access permissions, like this:
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```
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- USB: Host pass-through requested:
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- Sennheiser Communications EPOS GTW 270 on bus 001 device 005 needs permission changes:
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sudo chown -v root:user /dev/bus/usb/001/005
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ERROR! USB permission changes are required 👆
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```
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# TPM
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Since Quickemu 2.2.0 a software emulated TPM device can be added to guest
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virtual machines. Just add `tpm="on"` to your VM configuration. `quickget` will
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||
automatically add this line to Windows 11 virtual machines.
|
||
|
||
# All the options
|
||
|
||
Here are the usage instructions:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
Usage
|
||
quickemu --vm ubuntu.conf
|
||
|
||
You can also pass optional parameters
|
||
--delete : Delete the disk image.
|
||
--display : Select display backend. 'sdl' (default), 'gtk', 'none' or 'spice'
|
||
--fullscreen : Starts VM in full screen mode (Ctl+Alt+f to exit)
|
||
--ignore-msrs-always : Configure KVM to always ignore unhandled machine-specific registers
|
||
--screen <screen> : Use specified screen to determine the window size.
|
||
--shortcut : Create a desktop shortcut
|
||
--snapshot apply <tag> : Apply/restore a snapshot.
|
||
--snapshot create <tag> : Create a snapshot.
|
||
--snapshot delete <tag> : Delete a snapshot.
|
||
--snapshot info : Show disk/snapshot info.
|
||
--status-quo : Do not commit any changes to disk/snapshot.
|
||
--version : Print version
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## Desktop shortcuts
|
||
|
||
Desktop shortcuts can be created for a VM, the shortcuts are saved in `~/.local/share/applications`. Here is an example of how to create a shortcut.
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
quickemu --vm ubuntu-focal-desktop.conf --shortcut
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## Screen and window size (Linux guests only)
|
||
|
||
`qemu` will always default to the primary monitor to display the VM's window.
|
||
|
||
Without the `--screen` option, `quickemu` will look for the size of the smallest
|
||
monitor, and use a size that fits on said monitor.
|
||
|
||
The `--screen` option forces `quickemu` to use the size of the given monitor to
|
||
compute the size of the window. **It won't use that monitor to display the VM's
|
||
window if it's not the primary monitor**. This is useful if the primary monitor
|
||
if not the smallest one, and if the VM's window doesn't need to be moved around.
|
||
|
||
The `--screen` option is also useful with the `--fullscreen` option, again
|
||
because `qemu` will always use the primary monitor. In order for the fullscreen
|
||
mode to work properly, the resolution of the VM's window must match the
|
||
resolution of the screen.
|
||
|
||
To know which screen to use, type:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
xrandr --listmonitors | grep -v Monitors
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
The command will output something like this:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
0: +*HDMI-0 2560/597x1440/336+1920+0 HDMI-0
|
||
1: +DVI-D-0 1920/527x1080/296+0+0 DVI-D-0
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
The first number is what needs to be passed to the `--screen` option.
|
||
|
||
For example:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
quickemu --vm vm.conf --screen 0
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
The above uses the 2560x1440 screen to compute the size of the window, which
|
||
Quickemu sizes to 2048x1152. Without the `--screen` option, Quickemu would have
|
||
used the 1920x1080 monitor which results in a window size of 1664x936.
|
||
|
||
# References
|
||
|
||
Useful reference that assisted the development of Quickemu.
|
||
|
||
* General
|
||
* [QEMU’s documentation!](https://qemu.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
|
||
* <https://pve.proxmox.com/wiki/Qemu/KVM_Virtual_Machines>
|
||
* <https://www.kraxel.org/blog/2020/01/qemu-sound-audiodev/>
|
||
|
||
* macOS
|
||
* <https://www.nicksherlock.com/2020/06/installing-macos-big-sur-on-proxmox/>
|
||
* <https://passthroughpo.st/mac-os-adds-early-support-for-virtio-qemu/>
|
||
* <https://github.com/kholia/OSX-KVM>
|
||
* <https://github.com/thenickdude/KVM-Opencore>
|
||
* <https://github.com/acidanthera/OpenCorePkg/tree/master/Utilities/macrecovery>
|
||
* <https://www.kraxel.org/blog/2017/09/running-macos-as-guest-in-kvm/>
|
||
* <https://www.nicksherlock.com/2017/10/passthrough-of-advanced-cpu-features-for-macos-high-sierra-guests/>
|
||
* <http://philjordan.eu/osx-virt/>
|
||
* <https://github.com/Dids/clover-builder>
|
||
* [OpenCore Configurator](https://mackie100projects.altervista.org)
|
||
|
||
* Windows
|
||
* <https://www.heiko-sieger.info/running-windows-10-on-linux-using-kvm-with-vga-passthrough/>
|
||
* <https://leduccc.medium.com/improving-the-performance-of-a-windows-10-guest-on-qemu-a5b3f54d9cf5>
|
||
* <https://frontpagelinux.com/tutorials/how-to-use-linux-kvm-to-optimize-your-windows-10-virtual-machine/>
|
||
* <https://turlucode.com/qemu-command-line-args/>
|
||
* <https://github.com/pbatard/Fido>
|
||
* <https://www.catapultsystems.com/blogs/create-zero-touch-windows-10-iso/>
|
||
|
||
* TPM
|
||
* <https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/specs/tpm.html>
|
||
* <https://www.tecklyfe.com/how-to-create-a-windows-11-virtual-machine-in-qemu/>
|
||
|
||
* 9p & virtiofs
|
||
* <https://wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/9p>
|
||
* <https://wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/9psetup>
|
||
* <https://www.kraxel.org/blog/2019/06/macos-qemu-guest/>
|
||
* <https://superuser.com/questions/628169/how-to-share-a-directory-with-the-host-without-networking-in-qemu>
|
||
* <https://virtio-fs.gitlab.io/>
|